Twenty-four hours intraocular pressure in keratoconic eyes assessed by applanation tonometry and Tono-Pen AVIA

AIM: To assess intraocular pressure (IOP) during the daily curve of intraocular pressure (DCPo) in keratoconic eyes and compare Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), without and with astigmatism correction (nGAT and cGAT) and Tono-Pen AVIA (TPA) assessment methods. METHODS: Thirty-nine keratoconic eyes of 24 patients were assessed. DCPo was evaluated with five IOP measurements; four were performed with a GAT (nGAT and cGAT), and a Tono-Pen AVIA (TPA) at various times throughout the day. RESULTS: Mean IOP DCPo values (mm Hg) were: nGAT, 9.9±2.6; cGAT, 11.3±2.6; TPA 12.3±3.1. Mean IOP DCPo differences (mm Hg) and Spearman's correlation coefficients were as follows: cGATc-nGAT, 1.32±1.31, rs=0.879 (P<0.01); cGAT-TPA, -1.02±2.08, rs=0.723 (P<0.01); and nGAT-TPA, -2.35±2.23, rs=0.730 (P<0.01). Bland-Altman analysis for agreement between cGAT-TPA and nGAT-TPA mean IOP DCPo measurements revealed a mean difference of 1.02 (95%CI, 0.35-1.70) and 2.35 (95%CI, 1.62-3.07) mm Hg, respectively. Regression analysis yielded the following equation: TPA IOP=5.49+0.775×cGAT-0.015×ACD-0.299×corneal astig matism, which allowed us to infer TPA IOP values from other parameters. CONCLUSION: In keratoconic eyes, IOP peaks of DCPo measurements are identified at 6 a.m., independent of the tonometer. The mean DCPo values are: TPA>cGAT>nGAT. IOP TPA measures are predictive of cGAT values, adjusted according to anterior chamber depth and corneal astigmatism.

The differences of corneal astigmatism in different populations and its quantitative analysis

Objective: To analyze the differences of corneal astigmatism in different age groups. Methods: The clinical data of the patients from the outpatient Department of Ophthalmology of the Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital from April 2014 to June 2014 was screened and statistically analyzed. The corneal curvature was measured by three different instruments: Keratometer, IOL Master and Sirius corneal topography. The changes of the corneal astig- matism in different groups were evalutaed in the study. Results: Corneal astigmatism of different groups showed no statistical difference and the average corneal astigmatism of 70~79 age group were higher than younger groups. As the age grew, the with-the-rule astigmatism gradually reduced from 85.8% ( A Group) to 31.0% (F Group). The against-the-rule astigmatism increased from 6.7% ( A Group ) to 45.0% (F Group). Conclusion: The proportion of the with-the-rule astigmatism gradually reduced with the growth of age. The proportion of the against-the-rule astigmatism increased significantly. The oblique astigmatism had no obvious change before the age of 40. The proportion of oblique astigmatism increased obviously at the 40~49 group and tended to be stable. After the age of 60, the proportion of different types of astigmatism tended to be stable. Keywords: With-the-rule astigmatism; against-the-rule astigmatism; oblique astigmatism.

Gambaran Pengetahuan Masyarakat yang Bekerja sebagai Nelayan tentang Pterigium di Desa Kapitu Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan

Pterygium is a wing-shaped tissue growth containing blood vessels and tissues originated from conjunctiva that can spread to the cornea. Pterygium can cause astig-matism and other disorders such as chronic irritation, recurrent inflammation, double vision, impaired eye movement, and even blindness if it spreads the the central part of cornea. This study was aimed to obtain the knowledge about pterygium among fishermen in Kapitu village South Minahasa. This was a descriptive study. Respondents in this study were 50 fishermen; all were males. The results showed that 75.4% of the respondents had good knowledge about pterygium. Conclusion: Most fishermen in Kapitu village South Minahasa had good knowledge about pterygium.Keywords: knowledge about pterygium, fishermen Abstrak: Pterigium merupakan pertumbuhan jaringan berbentuk sayap yang mengandung pembuluh darah dan jaringan yang berasal dari konjungtiva dan dapat menyebar ke kornea. Pterigium dapat menyebabkan terjadinya astigmatisme serta menimbulkan gangguan lain seperti iritasi kronik, inflamasi rekuren, penglihatan ganda, serta gangguan pergerakan bola mata bahkan kebutaan bila telah mencapai bagian sentral kornea. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran pengetahuan masyarakat yang bekerja sebagai nelayan tentang pterigium di Desa Kapitu, Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif. Responden penelitian ialah masyarakat yang bekerja sebagai nelayan sebanyak 50 orang laki-laki. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa 75,4% responden memiliki pengetahuan baik mengenai pterigium. Simpulan: Sebagian besar masyarakat yang bekerja sebagai nelayan di Desa Kapitu Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan memiliki pengetahuan baik tentang pterigium.Kata kunci: pengetahuan mengenai pterigium, masyarakat nelayan

Refractive status of primary school children in Mopani district, Limpopo Province, South Africa

This article reports part of the findings of a study carried out to determine the causes, prevalence, and distribution of ocular dis-orders among rural primary school children in Mopani district of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Three hundred and eighty eight children aged 8 to 15 years were randomly selected from five randomly selected schools. Non-cycloplegic retinoscopy and auto-refrac-tion were performed on each child. The preva-lence of hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism was 73.1%, 2.5% and 31.3% respective-ly. Hyperopia (Nearest spherical equivalent power (FNSE) ranged from +0.75 to +3.50 D for the right and left eyes with means of +1.05 ± 0.35 D and +1.08 ± 0.34 D respectively. Myopia (FNSE) ranged from –0.50 to –1.75 D for the right eye and –0.50 to –2.25 D for the left eye with means of –0.75 ± 0.55 D and –0.93 ± 0.55 D respectively. Regression model for myopia, shows that age had an odds ratio of 1.94 (1.15 to 3.26), indicating a signifi-cant increased risk of myopia with increasing age. Correcting cylinders for the right eyes ranged from –0.25 to –4.50 D (mean = −0.67 ± 0.47 D) and for the left eyes from –0.25 to –2.50 D (mean = −0.60 ± 0.30 D). With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism (66.5%) was more common, followed by against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism (28.1%) and oblique (OBL) astig-matism (5.4%). With-the-rule astigmatism was more common in females than males; ATR astigmatism and OBL astigmatism were common in males. Regular vision screening programmes, appropriate referral and vision correction in primary schools in Mopani district are recommended in order to elimi-nate refractive errors among the children.