8. Parenthood and Parental Responsibility

In the past, the identity of a child's mother was always clear. However, thanks to reproductive technologies, a woman can gestate, nourish, and give birth to a child to whom she is not genetically connected. In addition, a person can be legally male and conceive, carry, and give birth to a child. The law has had to adapt to these circumstances. This chapter looks at how the law has defined parentage. It considers reproductive technologies and the various permutations of conception that exist today. It then turns to parental responsibility before concluding by looking at the position of unmarried fathers.

Parents’ Sleep Across Weekdays and Weekends: The Influence of Work, Housework, and Childcare Time

Children increase time demands with important consequences for sleep. Here, we test whether parents’ paid and unpaid time demands and the presence of young children equally reduce mothers’ and fathers’ sleep, comparing the married/cohabiting to unmarried. Applying data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS, 2003–2016), we find married/cohabiting mothers report less sleep when young children or multiple children are present; they are employed; their spouses are employed; and they spend more time in housework and childcare. By contrast, unmarried mothers report less sleep when children are present because of their larger domestic loads. For married/cohabiting fathers, the presence of multiple children is associated with less sleep but doing more housework results in more sleep. Finally, unmarried fathers’ employment time explains the association of children on their sleep. Parents report a sleep deficit relative to the childless but the reasons vary by gender and the co-presence of a partner.

The Need for Culturally Responsive Mediation Practices to Enhance the Process and Outcomes of Mediation for Unmarried Fathers

The past decade has shown significant progress in family mediation services in South Africa, following the implementation of the amended Children’s Act of 2005, which has not fully considered issues relating to customary law and culture pertaining to mediation with unmarried fathers. A broader qualitative explorative study was undertaken to understand the experiences and perceptions of unmarried fathers, unmarried mothers and mediators regarding mediation. This article focuses on factors influencing the process and outcomes of mediation for unmarried fathers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of seven unmarried fathers and eight mediators. Factors were identified that influence the process and outcomes of family mediation, of which culture, customary law and family dynamics are the focus of this article. Findings from Xhosa and Zulu participants in the study highlight the need for the inclusion of culturally responsive approaches to family mediation services by foregrounding issues relating to customary law, culture, and unmarried fathers.

25. Parental Responsibility

Parental responsibility (PR) is one of the most important concepts in the Children Act 1989. This chapter provides the definition of PR as taken from Section 3 of the Children Act 1989 and provides examples of what it actually is in relation to decisions and responsibilities that a parent may make on behalf of their child during their childhood. It discusses the nature and scope of PR, and how it is acquired. It covers the law on automatic parental responsibility; how unmarried fathers can acquire PR; and PR for non-natural parents. It also discusses termination of PR orders and agreements. Case-law is used to provide examples.

25. Parental Responsibility

Parental responsibility (PR) is one of the most important concepts in the Children Act 1989. This chapter provides the definition of PR as taken from Section 3 of the Children Act 1989 and provides examples of what it actually is in relation to decisions and responsibilities that a parent may make on behalf of their child during their childhood. It discusses the nature and scope of PR, and how it is acquired. It covers the law on automatic parental responsibility; how unmarried fathers can acquire PR; and PR for non-natural parents. It also discusses termination of PR orders and agreements. Case-law is used to provide examples.

25. Parental Responsibility

Parental responsibility (PR) is one of the most important concepts in the Children Act 1989. This chapter discusses the nature and scope of PR, and how it is acquired. It covers the law on automatic parental responsibility; how unmarried fathers can acquire PR; and PR for non-natural parents.

Fatherless in indonesia and its impact on children’s psychological development

<p>The power of the child's personality is the result of good parenting and handling by both of parents. If one is absent, there will be an imbalance to child psychological development. The fatherless concept itself can be interpreted as the absence of a father figure in the nurturing process. Then known the "fatherless", "father absence", "father loss" or "father hunger". The fatherless issue has become an international problem, including in Indonesia. Most cases in Western countries are the absence of fathers due to unmarried fathers and mothers, it’s different with Indonesia's problems, the fathers and mothers are married, but the execution of the parenting tasks is neglected or unfulfilled. Many children have a physical father but at the same time fatherless psychologically. It seems the traditional parenting pattern in Indonesia that the role of mother is taking care of the child at home and father is working to earn a living is still believed without further meaning. Father contributes importantly to the development of the child, the experience with father will affect a child to adulthood later. Father has influences in some special areas of child development, which teaches freedom, expands children's view, firm discipline, and role models of male. It is hypothesized that fatherless will give negative impact to psychological development of children. The literature reviews is used to support the hypothesized in this paper.</p>