The Proximal Zone of Intercultural Development (PZID)

This article presents results of a comparative analysis of intercultural experiences between French and Singaporean participants. France and Singapore were chosen as research fields because of their difference in terms of the management of cultural otherness: a universalist cultural model for France and a pluralist cultural model for Singapore.Based on an online questionnaire addressing the intercultural experience of the participants, a quantitative analysis allows us to identify singular differences between the French and Singaporean participants . A particularity of the Singaporean context leads us to think about the concept of the proximal zone of intercultural development (PZID) that we will develop in this article.

Structure of the trypanosome paraflagellar rod and insights into non-planar motility of eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic flagella (synonymous with cilia) rely on a microtubule-based axoneme, together with accessory filaments to carryout motility and signaling functions. While axoneme structures are well characterized, 3D ultrastructure of accessory filaments and their axoneme interface are mostly unknown, presenting a critical gap in understanding structural foundations of eukaryotic flagella. In the flagellum of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), the axoneme is accompanied by a paraflagellar rod (PFR) that supports non-planar motility and signaling necessary for disease transmission and pathogenesis. Here, we employed cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) with sub-tomographic averaging, to obtain structures of the PFR, PFR-axoneme connectors (PACs), and the axonemal central pair complex (CPC). The structures resolve how the 8 nm repeat of the axonemal tubulin dimer interfaces with the 54 nm repeat of the PFR, which consist of proximal, intermediate, and distal zones. In the distal zone, stacked “density scissors” connect with one another to form a “scissors stack network (SSN)” plane oriented 45° to the axoneme axis; and ~370 parallel SSN planes are connected by helix-rich wires into a paracrystalline array with ~90% empty space. Connections from these wires to the intermediate zone, then to overlapping layers of the proximal zone and to the PACs, and ultimately to the CPC, point to a contiguous pathway for signal transmission. Together, our findings provide insights into flagellum-driven, non-planar helical motility of T. brucei and have broad implications ranging from cell motility and tensegrity in biology, to engineering principles in bionics.

A record of deglaciation-related shifting of the proximal zone of a sandur — a case study from the Gwda sandur, NW Poland (MIS 2)

The study analyses a 7.5-m-thick sedimentary succession deposited in the largest sandur (the Gwda sandur, a glacial outwash plain) in NW Poland, during the late Weichselian (MIS 2). Although the study site is located in the distal zone of the sandur, its sedimentological features and palaeohydrological parameters reflect the presence of an energetic, powerful environment typical of the proximal zone. Three sedimentary units were recognized in the studied sedimentary succession: (1) lower unit — fine-grained sands with ripple cross-lamination and horizontal lamination; (2) middle unit — gravelly coarse-grained sands and sandy gravels with planar cross-stratification; and, (3) upper unit — sands and gravelly sands with trough cross-stratification. Although the age of deposition of the sandur is accepted to be convergent with that of end-moraines of the same phase, the sediments in the distal zone of the Gwda sandur correlate with an earlier glaciation phase/subphase. Our findings hint at a complex problem: large sandurs such as the Gwda sandur were probably deposited over a long time, and their successions might record the textural and structural features of the proximal subenvironment, even in their distal parts due to deglaciation-related shifting of the proximal zone of a sandur. This paper presents a new approach to analysing the depositional processes in large sandurs, shows a new light on glaciofluvial water supply dynamics of distal parts of sandurs, and may solve several fundamental problems related to the sandur deposition.

Diagnosis and Surgical Principles in the Treatment of Acute Injuries of the Flexor Tendons of the Hand

Injuries to the flexor tendons of the wrist are a separate chapter in wrist surgery. Flexor tendon injuries still remain a challenge to ensure the patient's optimal outcome. A special problem in the exploration of hand injuries is the accurate assessment of whether there is an injury to one or more tendons, at what height the injury is, and whether it is accompanied by injury to other elements of the hand. On the volar side of the hand, both flexors of the fingers, superficial and deep, or just one of them, maybe injured. If the lesion is in the first zone depending on the severity of the injury, reinsertion or direct tenography is required. In the second zone, there are still ambiguous views on the reconstruction of the deep and superficial flexor, ie. whether the surface flexor needs to be reconstructed. Injury to the flexor tendons in the third zone requires careful exploration for possible injury to the neurovascular elements, and the fourth zone often requires the release of the carpal tunnel. In the most proximal zone of the flexor tendons, the fifth zone, injury to the main blood vessels of the hand and the nerves responsible for sensitive and motor innervation of the hand is possible. Each injury should be approached with careful preoperative examination, appropriate operative technique as well as postoperative rehabilitation in order to fully restore the function of the hand.

‘What does the fox say?’

The late M. A. K. Halliday sketched a language-based theory of learning which posited three overlapping functions of learning language, learning through language, and finally learning about language as the young learner struggles to direct his or her own learning from language. Here we focus on one aspect of this struggle for what Vygotsky called conscious awareness and mastery of learning, namely questions. First we examine Hasan’s case that learning particular kinds of questions enable participation in classroom discourse while others disable it. Next, we look at Vygotsky’s case that self-directed questions (rhetorical and narrativized questions) have a key role to play in learning through questions. Finally, we consider what path the child has to take in learning about questions in English as a foreign language. Using ordinary classroom tasks under ordinary classroom conditions, we trace changes in children’s questions over six months, and we find statistically significant changes, particularly remarkable in retelling dialogues containing questions as narratives. But we also find very few new wh-questions, and we suggest that this is because mastery and conscious awareness of the structure of wh-questions still lie in the next, or proximal, zone of the children’s development.

Postless Approach for the Restoration of Nonvital Posterior Teeth: Clinical Guidelines

This article describes a case of a 42-year-old male patient who presented with a chief complaint of pain, bleeding, and disability to maintain good oral hygiene in the interproximal zones between the first and second maxillary molar. A comprehensive examination revealed a composite resin restoration in the maxillary first molar. In the interproximal zones, plaque accumulation was also detected. Radiographic examination showed a bone loss in the proximal zone. The endodontic filling was rated as good. Options of treatment were discussed. The decision of ceramic inlay was retained. The patient was satisfied thanks to a well-planned approach. The purpose of this paper is to present a simplified clinical protocol for the restoration of non-vital teeth using ceramic inlay onaly.

The spatial distributions of pre-mRNAs suggest post-transcriptional splicing of specific introns within endogenous genes

Splicing is the molecular process by which introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together to form the sequence of the mature mRNA. Measuring the timing of splicing relative to the transcription of nascent RNA has yielded conflicting interpretations. Biochemical fractionation suggests that RNA is spliced primarily during the process of transcription, but imaging of nascent RNA suggests that splicing happens after the process of transcription has been completed. We use single molecule RNA FISH together with expansion microscopy to measure the spatial distribution of nascent and partially spliced transcripts in mammalian cells, allowing us to infer the delay between when an intron is transcribed and when it is spliced out of a pre-mRNA. We show that 4 out of 4 genes we interrogated exhibit some post-transcriptional splicing, and that introns can be spliced in any order. We also show that completely synthesized RNA move slowly through a transcription site proximal zone while they undergo additional splicing and potentially other processing after transcription is completed. In addition, upon leaving this zone, some genes’ transcripts localize to speckles during the process of splicing but some appear to traffic freely through the nucleus without localizing to any other nuclear compartment. Taken together, our observations suggest that the regulation of the timing and localization of splicing is specific to individual introns, as opposed to the previously surmised immediate excision of introns after transcription.

Modeling Of Conceptions Of Health: A New Tool In Health Education

BACKGROUND: Conceptions allow individuals to interpret reality and to act on it according to their own form of coherence and validity. If a student’s conception of health is not organized at the beginning of the course so as to accept that the three domains of the biopsychosocial concept act on an equal footing, it is possible that notions brought by the instructors, relating to a domain that the student considers less operational, are too far removed from his proximal zone of development. This article proposes to shed light on this issue through an analysis, leading to a modeling of students’ conception of health at the beginning their osteopathy studies.METHODS: A semi-directed questionnaire survey was conducted among osteopathy students during their first week of training. The contents of the verbatims were analyzed according to their blocks of meaning, categorized to bring out the different conceptions of health and then modeled using network visualization software to illustrate the links and the relative weight of the different items of conceptions.RESULTS: We identified 36 categories of conceptions of health. The modeling shows strong links between the psychological and biological domains, while the social domain is isolated.CONCLUSIONS: From an andragogical perspective, modeling conceptions of health can allow students to situate their life course in relation to health and instructors, in order to identify the components of health conceptions that they do not yet mobilize.

Peran pemeriksaan radiologis: barium enema pada penyakit hirschprung

Hirschprung's Disease (HD) is an aganglionic disease segment of the parasympathetic nerves of Meissner and Auerbach. HD occurs in 1 in 5000 live births. Symptoms include late meconium, green vomiting, and abdominal distension. There are two types of HD short segments and long segments. This transitional zone is usually found in the rectosigmoid region or sigmoid colon, colon descendants, rectum, other colon and can occur in the small intestine. A medium according to type, 75 percent type of long segment, and 15% type of short segment. In the diagnosis, radiological imaging of the barium enema is needed with the position of Anteroposterior-Supine, Semi-Erect, Left Lateral Decubitus. There are seven typical images found (1) Transitional zones, (2) aganglionic segments, (3) Thickening of the mucosal portion of the proximal zone of the zone, (4) Slowing down of barium evacuation, (5) Comparison of rectosigmoid caliber less than 1, (6) Spasms aganglionic area, (7) Image of cobblestone mucosa. Immunohistochemical examination by suction biopsy through taking three places, namely two, three, and five centimeters (cm) from the anal verge.