E-Learning as a Factor Optimizing the Amount of Work Time Devoted to Preparing an Exam for Medical Program Students during the COVID-19 Epidemic Situation

The COVID-19 pandemic had a huge impact on the learning and teaching processes, particularly in healthcare education and training, because of the principal position of the cutting-edge student–patient interaction. Replacing the traditional form of organization and implementation of knowledge evaluation with its web-based equivalent on an e-learning platform optimizes the whole didactic process not only for the unit carrying it out but, above all, for students. This research is focused on the effectiveness of the application of e-learning for computer-based knowledge evaluation and optimizing exam administration for students of medical sciences. The proposed approach is considered in two categories: from the perspective of the providers of the evaluation process, that is, the teaching unit; and the recipients of the evaluation process, that is, the students.

The Docimologically Based Evaluation of Knowledge in Vocational Education of Healthcare Professionals / Dokimološki utemeljeno vrednovanje znanja u strukovnom obrazovanju zdravstvenih radnika

Diversity of teaching curriculum in vocational subjects requires the application ofdifferent didactic-methodical approaches to teaching, and thus different methods forstudents’ knowledge evaluation. Objective assessment of knowledge is the imperativeof the quality vocational education of healthcare professionals; in the evaluation ofstudents’ progress and final assessment of students’ knowledge, the formative andsummative methods are commonly used during or after the course of a particularsubject. Modern higher education insists on objectivity and scientific foundation ofthe evaluation process, which is the main reason why the didactic docimology hasfinally received a deserved place in the pedagogical practice in the last decades. Theaim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of the unconditional appliance ofscientific principles in students’ knowledge evaluation, critically analyze elements ofthe existing objective methods of assessment in vocational education of healthcareprofessionals, and to emphasize the social and professional significance of thestudent’s final grade, which should be an unambiguous indicator of acquiredprofessional skills of a graduate student of healthcare sciences.Key words: final grade; formative knowledge assessment; healthcare science; skills;summative knowledge assessment. - Raznolikost nastavnoga plana i programa u stručnim predmetima zahtijevaprimjenu različitih didaktičko-metodičkih pristupa poučavanju, a samim timi različitih metoda ocjenjivanja znanja studenata. Objektivno ocjenjivanjeznanja imperativ je kvalitetnoga strukovnog obrazovanja zdravstvenih radnika.U vrednovanju napretka studenata i konačnoj procjeni njihovoga znanja,uobičajeno se koriste i sumativne i formativne metode, tijekom ili nakon pojedinoganastavnog tečaja. Moderno visoko obrazovanje uvjetuje na objektivnostii znanstvenoj utemeljenosti procesa vrednovanja, što je glavni razlog zašto jedidaktička dokimologija u posljednjim desetljećima konačno dobila zasluženomjesto u pedagoškoj praksi. Cilj je ovoga rada naglasiti važnost bezuvjetneprimjene znanstvenih načela u evaluaciji znanja studenata, kritički analiziratielemente postojećih objektivnih metoda ocjenjivanja u strukovnom obrazovanjuzdravstvenih radnika te naglasiti društveni i profesionalni značaj studentovezavršne ocjene, koja bi trebala biti nedvosmislen pokazatelj stečenih profesionalnihvještina diplomiranoga studenta zdravstvenih znanosti.Ključne riječi: formativna procjena znanja; sumativna procjena znanja; vještine;završna ocjena; zdravstvene znanosti.

Comparative cultural factors and knowledge management and desirable proposal (Applied study: public and private banks of Khorasan Razavi province)

The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between knowledge storage indicators, knowledge organization, knowledge dissemination, knowledge absorption, knowledge creation, knowledge application, knowledge evaluation, knowledge removal, and knowledge sharing and cultural factors in public and private banks of Khorasan Razavi province. The results show that cultural factors impact on knowledge management and provide the desired model in public and private banks in Khorasan Razavi province.

E-learning Practice at Medical Universities in Poland in the Perspective of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

The epidemiological situation resulting from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caused the Polish universities to fully switch to distance education in March 2020. Medical e-learning has not yet been broadly implemented into the education process. Therefore, examples of successful e-learning implementations or the organization of the process of medical e-learning offer a valuable source of knowledge today, which is needed immediately. The article presents e-learning practices at the Polish medical universities during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic during the period from March to September 2020, covering seven universities in Poland that offer medical and health studies. The organization and implementation of e-learning classes is presented, including knowledge evaluation practices, providing example decisions issued by university rectors, on which the teaching process was based. A detailed presentation of the schools’ organizational units or workgroups that played an important role in the process of coordination of measures supporting e-education is also included. The article also presents a description of the software applications, utilities, and services used at the schools in the course of the process of online education. Below are some examples of specific such implementations in selected university courses.

Analiza wybranych czynników mających wpływ na postępowanie rodziców dzieci do 5 roku życia w przypadku wystąpienia gorączki

Children’s fever occurring is in parents’ opinion a very worrying clinical state. Its appearance is quite common in paediatric population and the knowledge about dealing with the anti-fever issues is still popularised among parents by medical staff. Aim. The thesis aims to pay attention to the present problem of not taking brave decisions by parents when it concerns their sick child. Material and methods. In this thesis, a way of diagnostics survey with a technique of polling was applied. A self-made questionnaire was used as the research tool. In the part related to the research, the aggregate scale of parents’ knowledge evaluation according to the very own structure. The group consisted of 105 people, the parents of children up to five years old. Results. The results confirm the influence of demographic factors on the treatments by the parents when it comes to their children up to five years old. The parents do not have enough knowledge about fever, understanding its parameters and ways of reducing it. At once, they do have knowledge about the risks arising from the hazard of a high fever. More than 50% of parents get information about the subject from numerous sources such as family, friends, the Internet and unprofessional media. Professional medical staff is the source of knowledge for 48,57% of people. The parents and caretakers recognise information about fever forwarded by doctors and nurses. They rate the level and the quality of that knowledge very high. Conclusion. The role of a nurse in parents’ education about fever and dealing with it when it appears is significant. Nurses are the source of information, but they forward their knowledge in different degrees, according to parents. Medical staff is co-responsible for deepening parents’ knowledge.

Specific Disease Knowledge as Predictor of Susceptibility to Availability Bias in Diagnostic Reasoning: a Randomized Controlled Experiment

Background Bias in reasoning rather than knowledge gaps has been identified as the origin of most diagnostic errors. However, the role of knowledge in counteracting bias is unclear. Objective To examine whether knowledge of discriminating features (findings that discriminate between look-alike diseases) predicts susceptibility to bias. Design Three-phase randomized experiment. Phase 1 (bias-inducing): Participants were exposed to a set of clinical cases (either hepatitis-IBD or AMI-encephalopathy). Phase 2 (diagnosis): All participants diagnosed the same cases; 4 resembled hepatitis-IBD, 4 AMI-encephalopathy (but all with different diagnoses). Availability bias was expected in the 4 cases similar to those encountered in phase 1. Phase 3 (knowledge evaluation): For each disease, participants decided (max. 2 s) which of 24 findings was associated with the disease. Accuracy of decisions on discriminating features, taken as a measure of knowledge, was expected to predict susceptibility to bias. Participants Internal medicine residents at Erasmus MC, Netherlands. Main Measures The frequency with which higher-knowledge and lower-knowledge physicians gave biased diagnoses based on phase 1 exposure (range 0–4). Time to diagnose was also measured. Key Results Sixty-two physicians participated. Higher-knowledge physicians yielded to availability bias less often than lower-knowledge physicians (0.35 vs 0.97; p = 0.001; difference, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.28–0.95]). Whereas lower-knowledge physicians tended to make more of these errors on subjected-to-bias than on not-subjected-to-bias cases (p = 0.06; difference, 0.35 [CI, − 0.02–0.73]), higher-knowledge physicians resisted the bias (p = 0.28). Both groups spent more time to diagnose subjected-to-bias than not-subjected-to-bias cases (p = 0.04), without differences between groups. Conclusions Knowledge of features that discriminate between look-alike diseases reduced susceptibility to bias in a simulated setting. Reflecting further may be required to overcome bias, but succeeding depends on having the appropriate knowledge. Future research should examine whether the findings apply to real practice and to more experienced physicians.