Cultural Limitations Inhibiting Female Athletes in Sports Participation at College Level in District Sialkot Pakistan

The aim of the study was to investigate the Cultural limitations inhibiting female athletes in sports participation at the college level in district Sialkot, Pakistan. For this very purpose, the population of the present study consisted of 867 female athletes who were FA, FSc students. A simple random sampling technique was used, and 20 % of the total population was taken as a sample. A close-ended questionnaire was formulated and designed to analyze existing phenomena. The questionnaire was distributed among the athletes. The ratio of the returned questionnaire was 88.93 per cent. Descriptive statistical tools (mean and stander deviation) and inferential statistical tools (ANOVA and t-test) were used to analyze the collected data. The researcher concluded that there is a significant impact of Cultural limitations upon inhibiting female athlete in sports participation at the college level. It was recommended that the government might arrange sports tournament at all educational level, and parents may be present during sports competition. The special budget may be allocated for sports to female colleges. The achievement of any college in any sports arena may be awarded money and incentives for encouragement in sports participation

Registration System and UTM Games Decision Using the Website Application

UTM Games is an annual sports tournament organized by UTM Sports Excellence involving students, staff team, PELUAS (International Student Team) and International Campus Kuala Lumpur. There are 14 types of contested games such as volleyball, soccer, squash, netball, bowling, badminton, kayaking, futsal, sepak takraw, table tennis, tennis, basketball, cycling, and lawn bowls. Currently registration and review of result for UTM Games are still done manually and on papers for some of the residential colleges. While for some other residential colleges, registration and review of results are done by web applications such as in Tun Ghafar Baba College (KTGB). Therefore, the Registration and Review of Results for UTM Games using Smart Phone is developed because most users nowadays have a smartphone and internet access. In addition, the system allows the user to see the results of UTM Games without having to log into social sites such as Facebook. The system is developed using ASP.Net technology and Microsoft Visual Studio 2010. The methodology used in developing this system is a prototype evolving methodology. This methodology allows the user to provide feedback and insights to add dynamically. The prototype will be modified according to the views and feedback given. The system is a platform to make it easier for managers to register for the game. In addition, the system is developed to enable students to review results from UTM Games more quickly and accurately.

Orienting Graphs

This chapter focuses on oriented graphs and their use to represent a sports tournament where assigning a direction to an edge represents the defeat of one team by another. It first considers the 1941 book What Is Mathematics?, co-authored by Herbert Ellis Robbins and Richard Courant, before discussing Robbins's Theorem in terms of graph theory. According to Robbins's theorem, it is possible to repair any one street and still be able to travel between any two points in the city discussed by Robbins if and only if it is possible to convert all streets of the city to one-way streets and travel (legally) between any two points. The chapter also examines the best known class of oriented graphs, the orientations of complete graphs, and their application to round robin tournaments. Finally, it describes the King Chicken Theorem and how various voting techniques can result in often surprising outcomes.

Is Federer Stronger in a TournamentWithout Nadal? An Evaluation of Odds and Seedings for Wimbledon 2009

Wimbledon is one of the most popular annual sports tournament. In the Men’s Single 2009 the top seeded and defending champion Rafael Nadal withdrew from the tournament due to injury days prior to the tournament. Here, we try to analyze the effects of Nadal’s withdrawal especially on the ability/strength of the main competitor Roger Federer by using bookmakers expectancies to estimate the unknown abilities of the players and comparethem for two different odds sets. The comparison shows that the bookmakersdid not incorporate Nadal’s withdrawal adequately, assigning too high expected winning probabilities to Federer and Murray.