Exploring the Writing Challenges Faced by M.Phil. and Ph.D. Scholars: A Case

Academic writing plays a pivotal role in developing research proposals. The present study aimed to explore the grammatical errors that M.Phil/PhDs scholars commit in academic writing. The present study employed a qualitative case study designed to explore the challenges in the English language faced by the M.Phil and PhDs scholars. The 20 Ph.D. and 36 M.Phil scholars were selected by busing purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by using two self-developed semi-structured interviews protocol. Thematic analysis approach was employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that all the participants reported that correct use of tenses was a big hurdle that entailed the other grammatical mistakes and reduced the report quality because all the lexical aspects are linked with these mechanics. The study recommended that English language courses be offered to postgraduate, M. Phil and Ph.D. scholars to learn the technical aspects of the language and provide students with online interactive programming.

Cooperative Learning: Effect on Prospective Teachers' Metacognitive Skills Development at University Level

This study was conducted while using the Quasi-Experimental design to examine the effect of Cooperative learning on prospective teachers' Meta cognitive skills. The sample for this study included two sections/ groups, each comprising 40 students (40 males 40 females=80) enrolled in the fifth Semester of the B.Ed Honors program in a public university. One of the sections was declared as the Experimental, whereas the other as the Controlled group. The understudy sections were pre-tested, and then the experimental group was exposed to the intervention (cooperative learning strategy), which lasted for one Semester. Both sections were post-tested after the completion of the intervention. Meta cognitive Skills Assessment Tool (MSAT) was used for pre and post-test. Based on the results, it is concluded that Cooperative Learning helps develop Meta cognitive skills in prospective teachers. Therefore, it is recommended that the teachers should teach while using the Cooperative learning approach.

Level of Inclusive Leadership Qualities of a Leader: A Perceptions of the Teachers of Tertiary Institutions in Sindh Pakistan

In this study, teachers' perceptions of leaders' inclusive leadership skills were examined to improve their work performance. This study employed a survey research design of a quantitative approach. A sample of 389 teachers of public universities of Sindh, Pakistan, was drawn through a stratified random sampling technique. This study revealed that the heads could play a fundamental role in teachers' job performance by facilitating need-based intervention based on teachers' capacities and innovative attitudes. However, the study findings suggest a shift in the university's organizational structure by listening openly and being accessible, available in diverse situations. Further, the null hypothesis was accepted that both genders have the same opinions about the level of inclusive leadership qualities and viewed that heads' Inclusive leadership (IL) style can enhance proactive behavior of faculty members. Researchers found the theoretical and practical implications for future studies.

Application of Cooperative Learning Techniques to Academic Performance of 11th Class Civics Students

In comparison to traditional learning approaches, Cooperative Learning (CL) is a modern teaching strategy for improving academic performance. Educational institutions in the developed states, as compared to that of developing states, make effective use of CL techniques to enhance students academic achievements. This research is an attempt in that direction which is conducted on a sample of 70 male students of class 11th in the subject of Civics in Government Post Graduate College, Mardan. The 70 students were divided into two equal groups named experimental and control groups where the learning techniques, i.e., traditional and CL, were implemented. The impacts of both the learning methods on students� academic performance were investigated. It showed a significant difference in academic achievements of male students taught through the traditional methods and CL techniques. The findings also showed that CL has very positive impacts on students social and academic behaviors, increases their interest in learning.

Availability of Special Education Related Services and Incentives for Children with Special Needs in Government Special Education Centres in Punjab: A Survey of Parental Perception

Parents' involvement in the rehabilitation process is very important. Parental views about the availability of related services and incentives are the significant indicators of their required particular needs. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the level of available related services and incentives in special education centers and to highlight their specific and suggestions for improvement of these services for students of four disabilities studying in these centers. A survey was conducted from 2019 to 2020 to collect data about demographic characteristics and information about related services and incentives provided to these special students from their parents and also their suggestions to improve these services. The sample consisted of 36 government special education centers at the Tehsil level, from which 479 questionnaires, filled by the parents of students, were received back. The results emphasized the low education and income of the parents, increasing incidence of disability in the families of special children, lack of available services and incentives in these centers, and acknowledged parental suggestions and recommendations. It was concluded from the survey that future planning of provisions of related services and incentives might be more helpful and effective if based on the requirements and preferences conveyed by parents of special students with four disabilities.

Teachers' Mindful Conception about the Use of STEM Education at Secondary School Level

A nation's progress rests on its people, and current economic growth conditions demand high-quality education. Modern science education has been superseded by STEM education. The objectives were 1) to find out secondary school teachers' awareness about the use of STEM-based education and its challenges and the relationship between teachers' understanding and use of STEM at the secondary school level. It was descriptive research and used a self-developed questionnaire for data collection from the respondents. A sample of secondary school teachers (350) was selected through a simple random sampling technique. Statistical tests of minimum, maximum, mean score, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation were applied to the collected data. The study concluded that teachers are aware of STEM-based education, and in line with their awareness, they make the most exclusive use of STEM-based education to enhance students' critical and creative thinking abilities.

Effect of Teachers' Self Efficacy and Instructional Strategies on Students' Engagement at Secondary School Level

The concept of self-efficacy was developed initially by Albert Bandura and has been defined as the personal belief that one can perform appropriately and effectively to attain specific goals related to any field. Self efficacy is a self-system that controls all our activities, including appropriate professional knowledge and skills.Teachers' self-efficacy is the belief that teachers have about their abilities and skills as educators. Both on an individualized and collective scale, teachers' efficacy is one of the strongest predictors of student engagement. This study explored the effect of teachers' self-efficacy and instructional strategies on students' engagement at the secondary school level in Punjab. So, the teachers with relatively higher self-efficacy would have extraordinary ability to engage students with the material, pedagogical practice, and control of the classroom environment. The study followed the causal-comparative research design that attempted to find relationships between independent and dependent variables. The researcher developed the questionnaire by herself, consisting of 60 items in total. The questionnaire sample comprised 1250 secondary school teachers from Punjab. Quantitative data on teachers' self efficacy was determined by computing the means of the TSES items. In addition to descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression were used. This study may be helpful in future studies and teacher educators to understand teachers' sense of efficacy beliefs, which influence the teaching behaviors of the teachers in the classroom and students' engagement.

Educating Dropouts in Rural Areas: Capacity Building of Teacher Trainers

This study was designed to explore the effectiveness of training, which was arranged for the capacity building of trainers of teachers. These trainers were further responsible for the training of teachers who were teaching dropped out girls in the rural areas of Pakistan. This capacity-building training consisted of the trainers' professional development and subject knowledge enhancement. The training sessions were monitoring and evaluation, communication skills, Gender and protection, adult psychology, and teaching techniques of language, science, and mathematics of elementary level of education of dropped out learners. All 125 trainers were selected for obtaining the responses. It was mixed-method research, and data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The data results revealed that the training workshop sessions remained very fruitful for trainers, and it increased their learning about the teaching profession and teaching to dropped out students in marginalized areas

Inquiry-Based Learning Practices for Science Teaching in Elementary Grades: A Literature Review of the Asian Countries

Inquiry-based learning (IBL) is a student-centered approach of instruction that aims at increasing students' active engagement and their skills of investigation, reflection, and critical thinking within real-world expressions and practices. This literature review includes mostly those research studies in which a quasiexperimental approach was used, followed by a pretest-posttest design with random allocation of research participants. As per the aim of this literature review, those research studies were included where elementary grade students were selected as research participants to investigate the effects of IBL approaches on students' science literacy and skills. One of the engaging lessons from this review shows that IBL approach science skills are described as two sides of the same coin. Additionally, almost all reviewed studies defined IBL as students centered approach. Moreover, the effects of IBL are also discussed in detail

A Phenomenological Exploration of School Leadership Development Programme: Improved Practices of School Leaders a Breakthrough Triumph in the Province of Punjab

The major driver of the phenomenology research was to explore the lived experiences of school heads about the School Leadership Development Programme (SLDP) in improved practices of leadership in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes in public sector schools of Punjab. The sample of the study was based on the geographical distribution of the province of Punjab i.e., central, southern and northern. The seven districts were taken, and 14 SHs were selected through purposive sampling. The in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted after the prior consent of the participants. The instruments were self-developed and validated from five experts along with Mock interview practice. The researcher collected the data personally, and thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that SLDP is inseparable in the development of improved practices of SHs. It was strongly recommended to continue the SLDP encased with certain paraphernalia to get better results in the future.