Clinical effect of dexmedetomidine combined with sufentanil on postoperative analgesia for transthoracic device closure of ventricular septal defects in children with ultrafast track anesthesia

Background To observe the effect of combining dexmedetomidine with sufentanil on postoperative analgesia in children who underwent transthoracic device closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) with ultrafast track anesthesia. Methods This was a retrospective study. Eighty-seven children who underwent transthoracic device closure of VSDs were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups based on the different drugs used for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Results No statistically significant differences in hemodynamic parameters were noted among the three groups after surgery (p > 0.05). The FLACC score in the SD2 group was significantly greater than those in the S groups and SD1 groups after surgery (p < 0.001). The Ramsay score in the S group was significantly lower than that of the SD1 and SD2 groups at 6 h (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003), 12 h (p = 0.002 and p = 0.012), and 24 h (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001) after surgery. The pressing frequency of the analgesic pump 48 h after the operation in the SD2 group was significantly greater than that in the other two groups (p < 0.05). The incidences of respiratory depression, nausea, and vomiting in the S group were significantly greater than those in the SD1 and SD2 groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion The combination of 0.04 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine and 0.04 μg/kg/h sufentanil intravenous analgesia was more effective than the other two analgesic strategies in children who underwent transthoracic device closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) with ultrafast track anesthesia.

Flurbiprofen Axetil Enhances Analgesic Effects of Sufentanil and Attenuates Postoperative Emergence Agitation and Systemic Proinflammation in Patients Undergoing Tangential Excision Surgery

Objective. Our present study tested whether flurbiprofen axetil could reduce perioperative sufentanil consumption and provide postoperative analgesia with decrease in emergency agitation and systemic proinflammatory cytokines release.Methods. Ninety patients undergoing tangential excision surgery were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) preoperative dose of 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil and a postoperative dose of 2 μg/kg sufentanil and 10 mL placebo by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump, (2) preoperative dose of 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil and a postoperative dose of 2 μg/kg sufentanil and 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil by PCA pump, and (3) 10 mL placebo and a postoperative dose of 2 μg/kg sufentanil and 10 mL placebo by PCA pump.Results. Preoperative administration of flurbiprofen axetil decreased postoperative tramadol consumption and the visual analog scale at 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery, which were further decreased by postoperative administration of flurbiprofen axetil. Furthermore, flurbiprofen axetil attenuated emergency agitation score and Ramsay score at 0, 5, and 10 min after extubation and reduced the TNF-αand interleukin- (IL-) 6 levels at 24 and 48 h after the operation.Conclusion. Flurbiprofen axetil enhances analgesic effects of sufentanil and attenuates emergence agitation and systemic proinflammation in patients undergoing tangential excision surgery.

Perbedaan Sedasi Midazolam dan Ketamin terhadap Base Excess Pasien dengan Ventilator

Latar belakang: Agitasi dan kecemasan sering terjadi pada pasien-pasien Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Kejadian kecemasan berkisar di atas 70% dari pasien-pasien ICU). Ini membutuhkan pemberian obat sedasi dan analgesia. Obat sedasi yang dapat digunakan antara lain midazolam dan ketamin. Kedua obat ini memiliki perbedaan dalam efek ke pembuluh darah.Tujuan: Untuk menemukan perbedaan nilai base excess (BE) melalui analisa gas darah arteri pasien ICU yang menggunakan midazolam dibandingkan dengan ketamin sebagai sedasi.Metode: Suatu uji klinik eksperimental yang dilakukan secara acak tersamar ganda pada pasien yang menggunakan ventilator di unit rawat intensif. Pasien (n : 28) dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, K1 yang mendapat sedasi ketamin dan K2 mendapat midazolam. Pasien diberikan sedasi selama 24 jam dengan dosis bervariasi dengan target kedalaman sedasi pasien pada Ramsay Score 4, kemudian diperiksa nilai analisis gas darah pada jam ke-0, 6, dan 24.Hasil: Hasil perbandingan sedasi midazolam dengan ketamin ini menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada nilai base excess yang menggunakan sedasi ketamin jam ke-0 dan jam ke-6 saja dengan nilai p=0,04 (p<0.05), sedangkan untuk jam ke-0 dan jam ke-24 didapatkan perbedaan yang tidak bermakna dimana p=0,55, dan untuk jam ke-6 dan jam ke-24 juga didapatkan perbedaan yang tidak bermakna dimana p=0,786.Simpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna pada hasil pemeriksaan base excess darah arteri pada pasien menggunakan ventilator dalam 24 jam yang diberikan midazolam dibandingkan dengan ketamin.

Perbedaan Pemberian Midazolam dan Ketamin Terhadap PaCO2 dan HCO3 pada Pasien dengan Ventilator

Latar belakang: Sekitar 42 – 72% pasien yang dirawat di Unit Rawat Intensif (URI) diberikan sedasi. Obat yang digunakan yaitu midazolam dan ketamin, yang berbeda efeknya terhadap pembuluh darah.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan nilai PaCO2 dan HCO3 darah arteri pasien yang dirawat di URI yang menerima midazolam dibandingkan dengan ketamin.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinik eksperimental acak tersamar ganda pada subjek yang menggunakan ventilator di URI. Subjek (n : 28) dibagi menjadi K1 yang mendapat sedasi ketamin dan K2 yang mendapat midazolam. Sedasi diberikan selama 24 jam, dosis bervariasi, target Ramsay Score 3. Diperiksa nilai analisis gas darah pada jam ke- 0, 6 dan 24.Hasil: Hasil perbandingan pada jam ke- 0 dan ke- 24 kelompok K1 dan K2 nilai HCO3 p=0,565 (p>0,05). Nilai PaCO2 menunjukkan kemaknaan sebesar p=0,12 (p>0,05)Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan yang tidak bermakna pada penggunaan ketamin maupun midazolam sebagai sedasi terhadap nilai PaCO2 dan HCO3 pada subjek yang menggunakan ventilator antara jam ke- 0 dan ke- 24.

PERBANDINGAN SKOR RAMSAY ANESTETIKA INHALASI ISOFULRAN DIBANDING SEVOFLURAN PADA PASIEN PASCA OPERASI ABDOMEN

Almost all surgery is performed under anesthesia, and of them performed under general anesthesia. General anesthesia is a reversible condition that changes the physiological status of the body, characterized by sedation, analgesia, amnesia and relaxation. Score ramsay is the first scale that is defined and designed as a measurement tool's ability to wake up. Score ramsay have six different levels of sedation and designed in accordance with how the patient's ability to get up, making it suitable for universal use. This study aims to determine the comparisons between the score ramsay on volatile agent isoflurane and sevoflurane post abdominal surgery in Hospital Prof.Dr.R.D Kandou. The population in this study were patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Twenty eight people were divided into two groups isoflurane and sevoflurane, each consisting 14 people. Data were collected through examination of the level of sedation as measured by post-discontinuation of inhaled agents using ramsay scale. This study found ramsay score on isoflurane higher when compared with sevoflurane in both the 5th minute post-discontinuation and in the 10th minute. There were significant differences between the score ramsay isoflurane and sevoflurane were measured both at the 5th minute post-discontinuation (p=0.000) and at 10th minutes (p=0.000). Keywords: isoflurane, scores ramsay, sedation, sevoflurane. Abstrak: Hampir semua tindakan pembedahan dilakukan dibawah pengaruh anestesi, dan diantaranya dilakukan dengan anestesi umum. Anestesi umum adalah suatu keadaan reversible yang mengubah status fisiologis tubuh, yang ditandai dengan sedasi, analgesi, amnesi dan relaksasi. Skor ramsay merupakan skala pertama yang didefinisikan dan dirancang sebagai alat ukur kemampuan seseorang untuk bangun. Skor ramsay mempunyai enam tingkat sedasi yang berbeda dan didesain sesuai dengan bagaimana kemampuan pasien untuk bangun, sehingga cocok untuk penggunaan universal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan antara skor ramsay anestetika inhalasi isofluran dan sevofluran paska operasi abdomen di RSU Prof.Dr.R.D Kandou Manado. Populasi dalam penelitian ini ialah pasien yang menjalani bedah abdomen di RSU Prof.Dr.R.D Kandou Manado. Sebanyak 28 orang dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok isofluran dan kelompok sevofluran, yang masing-masing terdiri dari 14 orang. Data dikumpulkan melalui pemeriksaan langsung tingkat sedasi yang diukur paska penghentian agen inhalasi dengan menggunankan skala ramsay. Penelitian ini ditemukan skor ramsay pada anestetika inhalasi isofluran lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sevofluran baik pada menit ke-5 paska penghentian agen inhalasi maupun pada menit ke-10. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara skor ramsay isofluran dan sevofluran yang diukur baik pada menit ke-5 paska penghentian agen inhalasi (p=0.000) maupun pada menit ke-10 (p=0.000). Kata kunci : isofluran, skor ramsay, sedasi, sevofluran.

Sedation for middle ear surgery: prospective clinical trial comparing propofol and midazolam

During middle-ear-surgery under local anaesthesia (MES-LA), patients report hearing noises, feeling anxious, and experiencing earache. In a prospective randomized clinical trial, we compared propofol and midazolam for sedation in 68 patients scheduled for MES-LA. The starting dose of propofol was 1 to 1.5 mg per kilogram intravenously, followed by 1 to 2 mg per kilogram per hour given by infusion. The starting dose of midazolam was 0.02 to 0.05 mg per kilogram intravenously, followed by 0.01 to 0.02 mg per kilogram intravenously. Metamizol and fentanyl were added when required. Sedation was titrated to a Ramsay score of 3 to 4 and a bispectral index value of 70 to 80. Patients were assessed for vital parameters and sedation and pain scores. In the recovery room, readiness for discharge and satisfaction of both patient and surgeon with the procedure were assessed. The group receiving propofol had a significantly lower heart rate, shorter duration of sedation, and earlier readiness for discharge (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in other parameters evaluated. Seventy-nine per cent of patients in the group receiving propofol and 91.1% receiving midazolam would choose the same method of anaesthesia and sedation for any further MES-LA. Our results suggest that, compared to midazolam, propofol is more suitable for sedation in patients undergoing MES-LA. However, appropriate patient selection, adequate preparation, and careful monitoring are mandatory.

Characteristics Associated With Unplanned Extubations in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit

Background Unplanned extubations can result in serious complications. Objectives To determine characteristics of patients and nurses and risk factors that affect extubations. Methods A retrospective exploratory design was used. Ram-say Sedation Scale scores, need for reintubation, time between intubation and extubation, use of sedation and analgesia in the preceding 48 hours, and use of restraints were collected on 31 patients in a surgical intensive care unit who had unplanned extubations. For nurses, data collected included years’ experience in nursing and as an intensive care nurse, professional credentials, and location at the time of extubation. Results All unplanned extubations were self-extubations; 15 required reintubation. Most patients had low levels of sedation in the hour preceding the extubation (mean Ramsay score, 2.42; SD, 1.06). Patients who needed reintubation had higher mean Ramsay scores (2.85; SD, 1.14) than patients who did not (2.00; SD, 0.86; P = .04). Ramsay scores correlated with need for reintubation (r=0.423; P=.03). Of the 31 patients, 27 (87%) were restrained at the time of extubation (χ2 = 17.06; df=1; P&lt;.001). Among the nurses, 32.3% had less than 5 years’ experience in nursing, and 51.6% had less than 5 years’ experience in intensive care; 89% of extubations occurred when the nurse was away from the bedside. Sedative and analgesic doses in the 24 hours before extubation did not differ significantly from those in the 2 hours before extubation. Conclusions Levels of sedation and use of restraints are associated with unplanned extubations and need for reintubation.