A comparative study of pleural effusion in water area, water temperature and postmortem interval in forensic autopsy cases of drowning

Japan is surrounded by the sea and is also a mountainous country with many rivers. Japan has the second- highest rate of deaths caused by drowning in the world. Pleural effusion (PE) is one of the major findings at autopsy. It is found in approximately 80% of drowning mortalities and is observable for a relatively long postmortem interval (PMI). We focused on the amount of pleural fluid in drowning cases, discussed the relationship of PE with the drowning environment, water temperature, and postmortem interval, and established more simple and practical criteria for the diagnosis of drowning. We measured the weight of the lungs, PE, and their sum as the intrathoracic (IT) weight (total weight of lungs + pleural effusion), and calculated the PE ratio [(PE weight/IT weight) × 100]. A total of 130 drowning deaths diagnosed through forensic autopsies were investigated in this study. The cases were classified by drowning environment (freshwater, brackish water, and seawater), water temperature (under 20 °C, more than 20 °C), and postmortem interval (less than 1 day, 1–3 days, more than 3 days). The present study demonstrated that the PE ratio may be more effective for the diagnosis of drowning. Moreover, the accumulation of PE is affected by drowning environment, water temperature, and PMI. Collectively, it is important to assess the PE ratio and consider these factors in autopsy cases of victims found in water.

Mountain Peaks of Nepal Himalaya

Nepal is a mountainous country with numerous peaks and pinnacles. It is shaped by tectonic movement, the action of gravity, and erosion. It is a gradual transition process from plain to mountain terrain. The present study explores the peaks of the Nepal Himalaya and visualizes the peaks as open sources for mountaineering. The height of Nepal Himalaya is derived from 'Nepal Himalaya Inventory' Gurung (1994), 'Inventory of Nepal Himalaya' (CDG, 2002), and 'Spot Height Shapefile' (DOS, 1998). The total number of peaks opened and mountaineering royalty are derived from the Department of Tourism. The spot height and administrative boundary are derived from the Department of Survey (DOS, 1998 & 2020). Shapefiles and Google Earth are used to map the distribution of the Himalayan peaks of Nepal, and the height categories are based on mountaineering royalty reports. This study also discusses some essential aspects of royalty generation and seeks a better understanding in exploring and identifying peaks for further mountaineering activities.

The Role of Glaciers in Hydropower Production in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous country rich in water resources, with huge potential for hydropower generation. The Department of Electricity Development (DoED), which sits within the Nepalese Ministry of Energy, has published Guidelines for Study of Hydropower Projects to set out the official standards for the detailed study of hydropower projects in Nepal. The guide is regularly revised, with the latest revision having taken place in 2018, in order to ensure the long-term sustainability of the projects. Among the key issues considered are the linkages between glaciers and hydropower projects in Nepal under a changing environment. The formation of new glacial lakes and the potential for glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are recent challenges in the Himalayan region. As such, any change impacting these processes may have serious consequences on hydropower projects or cause severe damage to these projects across the country, whether they are in the planning phase, under construction, or completed. This paper aims to make the connection between the status of hydropower projects in Nepal and the state of glaciers in the Himalayas, and suggests that advanced studies on glacial lakes and GLOFs are needed to ensure the long-term sustainability of hydropower projects under changing climate.

REVIEW, RECLASSIFICATION AND DEMARCATING OF CLIMATE IN NEPAL

Geomorphic mountain system of our country (Nepal) is climatically and environmentally unique. Even Nepal is one of the most ecologically sensitive and fragile area in the mountainous country of the world.Former writer have divided into three to five climatic types of Nepal.This article divided six climatic types. There is an extreme spacious range of climates within very short latitudinal distance. The classification, zoning and separating of climate in Nepal is challenging due to complex altitude and topography.The author is going to discuss this issue on Discourse.

Mountainous ICountry INepal: IFrom IThe IPerspectives Iof IClimate IChange

Nepal is a mountainous country located in South Asia. Climate change is one of the challenging phenomena and various symptoms of climate change are already seen in Nepal. This paper is made by analyzing the impacts of climate change in different sectors of Nepal like on water, health, forestry, agriculture, biodiversity, temperature and so on. It has also highlighted the impacts from global to country level. This paper has discussed adaptation strategies applied in lee ward side that is Mustang district of Nepal. This study suggested that Nepal should promote eco-friendly as well as traditional practices in order to enhance climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. The study further recommended to heighten developmental activities by considering sustainability of the availed resources and betterment of mountainous peoples’ lives in Nepal.

Characteristic Features of Electric Fields Radiated by Cloud Flashes in Himalayan Region

Electric fields radiated by cloud flashes that occurred over the rugged terrain of mountainous country Nepal were recorded, analysed, and compared with those from different geographical regions. The total duration of the flash varies from 80 to 469.5 ms. The majority of the cloud flashes were of two stages: the first stage of the majority of the flashes was found to consist of large microsecond scale bipolar pulses having negative initial polarity and the late stage consists of submicrosecond scale pulses having both positive and negative initial polarities. The average durations of the first and second stages are 11.23 and 66.79 ms, respectively, and the time gap between them is 53.57 ms. The cloud pulses led by the negative initial polarity pulses are more compactly distributed and are higher in mountainous countries as compared to those of flashes lead by positive initial polarity pulses, with the average values of interpulse interval being 211.42 and 309.79 μs, respectively.