ENERGY-GROWTH NEXUS: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA

This study aims to investigate the causality relationships between energy use, energy intensity, energy price and economic growth. Regarding the data analysis, the study covered the period from 1980 until 2020. All relevant preliminary tests were conducted in order to validate the data before the main analysis. We deployed ARDL bound test of cointegration approach for long-run relationship, as well as the granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamota (1995). The empirical results showed the presence of long-run relationship among the variables. We also found that energy use and economic growth has a bidirectional relationship. Similarly, we observed a presence of another feedback causal effect between energy intensity and economic growth. Likewise, a bi-directional causal relationship exists between energy price and economic growth in the Nigerian economy. The study makes available policy recommendations in the last part of the paper. KEY WORDS: energy intensity, energy price, economic growth, Toda and Yamamota

REVIEW, RECLASSIFICATION AND DEMARCATING OF CLIMATE IN NEPAL

Geomorphic mountain system of our country (Nepal) is climatically and environmentally unique. Even Nepal is one of the most ecologically sensitive and fragile area in the mountainous country of the world.Former writer have divided into three to five climatic types of Nepal.This article divided six climatic types. There is an extreme spacious range of climates within very short latitudinal distance. The classification, zoning and separating of climate in Nepal is challenging due to complex altitude and topography.The author is going to discuss this issue on Discourse.

INFLUENCE OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON AIR QUALITY

In late 2019, a novel irresistible infection with human to human contagious transmission (COVID-19) was recognized in Wuhan, China, which has transformed into a worldwide pandemic. Nations everywhere in the world have executed a type of lockdown to hinder its contamination and moderate it. Lockdown because of COVID-19 effectively affects social and monetary fronts. In any case, this lockdown likewise has some constructive outcome on regular habitat. The study objective is to think about the adequacy of COVID-19 lockdown on the air contamination around the world. Because of pandemic, all avoidable activities around the globe were prohibited. Ongoing information delivered by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ESA (European Space Agency) demonstrates that the contamination level in certain nations has decreased up to 30%. The nationwide halting of public transports and closure of major industrial units has resulted in obvious significant reductions in emissions of a variety of gases related to energy and transport. The decrease of air contamination was firmly connected with movement limitations during this pandemic and five air toxins i.e., SO2, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO have likewise diminished.

GENDER SENSITISATION ANTIDOTE FOR SELF RELIANCE

"Self-Reliance" is an 1841 essay written by American transcendentalist philosopher and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes: the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his own instincts and ideas. . The debate surrounding the self reliance will be meaningless if issues related to women in a large country like India will not only be inappropriate but sometimes even misleading. Women specific and women related legislations have been enacted to safeguard the rights and interest of women, besides protecting against discrimination, violence, and atrocities and also to prevent socially undesirable practices. Despite the constitutional mandate of equal legal status for the girl child, the same is yet to be realized. The de jure laws have not been translated into de facto situation for various reasons such as illiteracy, social practices, prejudices, cultural norms based on patriarchal values, poor representation of women in policy-making, poverty, regional disparity in development, lack of access and opportunity to information and resources etc. According to the Uttar Pradesh Govt. sources, female life expectancy is less than 55 years and the under-five mortality rate is as high as 141 per thousand. Australia was the first country to develop a gender-sensitive budget, with the Federal government publishing in 1984 the first comprehensive audit of a government budget for its impact on women and girls. Empowerment of women is essentially the process of upliftment of economic, social and political status of women, the traditionally underprivileged ones, in the society. It involves the building up of a society wherein in women can breathe without the fear of oppression, exploitation, apprehension, discrimination and the general feeling of persecution which goes with being a woman in a traditionally male dominated structure. One major therapy prescribed by woman empowerment advocates is empowering women through legislation for ensuring participation in political decision making. Such an approach provides the women with a constitutional platform to stand up to men, to raise their voice on issues concerning women oppression, subjugation and related issues and thus in effect, providing them with an identity in an orthodox male dominated socio-political set up, in addition to providing a much needed forum to seek redressal of problems directly affecting them: the true essence of empowerment. The present paper attempts to look into the dynamism of the process whereby women empowerment is achieved (?) through legislation or women participation in the Panchayati Raj Institution. KEYWORDS: Self Reliance, Gender Bugdeting, Women empowerment, Panchayati Raj Institutions.

NEEDS OF CLIMATE MIGRANT ELDERLY WOMEN: A STUDY AMONG THE SLUM DWELLER IN DHAKA CITY

Elderly women are the vulnerable groups in society in terms of climate change, movement; haphazard growth and unhealthy environment are the target group for this research. Climate migrant’s start living in urban slums are in search of better and secure life. If the number of elderly women are not qualified, it will be burden for development. So as to maximize the role of service to elderly, it is need to know the first needs of elderly women, in this case, the present study attempted to determine the needs of climate migrant older women in slum area. But urban slums located mostly in low lying environmentally hazardous area coupled with inadequate facilities like food, shelter, sanitation, health care make their life even worse. This paper is a descriptive type of quantitative study conducted at Dhaka to review all essential need for living as elderly women slum dwellers after climate migration. The study conducted on slum of Dhaka with purposive sample survey, KII and in depth qualitative interview of selected climate migrant elderly women slum dwellers while purposive sample size of 50. The basic needs of elderly women in the slum areas not only allowance but also the health needs of the comfort, work skill rendering their body fitness, infrastructure and recreation facilities are the identified indicators of this paper. It is hoped that relevant parties can plan to meet the needs of climate migrant elderly women in slum area to provide services according to the expected demand. KEY WORDS: Climate migrants, elderly women, needs, slum dwellers, Dhaka City.