Sobre las posibilidades de reforma del modelo de empleo público español: límites constitucionales y jurídicos al modelo actual y sus sistemas de acceso

Laburpena: Lan honetan, gure herrialdean enplegu publikoaren araubide juridikoa eta, zehazki, sarbide moten araubide juridikoa erorarazi dituzten gidalerro tradizional batzuk berrikustea komeni dela azaltzen da. Pilatutako eskarmentuak erakusten duenez, Espainiako gaurko sistemak zenbait arazo praktiko dauzka. Bada, arazo horiei erreparatuta eta eskarmentu konparatuan inspiratuta, hainbat irtenbide zehatz proposatzen dira hemen. Gure ustez, irtenbideok arazorik gabe bateratu daitezke Konstituzioak gai honetan dituen printzipioekin, eta enplegu publikoaren eredua oro har hobetzen lagunduko lukete; zehazki, enplegu publikora baldintza beretan sartzeko sistemei dagokienez. Hala nola: justifikazio objektiboa dagoenean bakarrik erreserbatzea funtzionarioei lanpostuak; probak aldatzea, gaitasunak erakusteari garrantzi handiagoa emateko; oposaketa tradizional askoren oztopo sozioekonomikoak ezabatuko dituzten BAME motako sistemak ezartzea eta, are, gizarteratzeko arazoak dituzten eta ingurune anitzagoetatik datozen taldeen artean edo praktika-programetatik abiatuta etorkizuneko langileak bilatzeko programekin esperimentatzea. Resumen: En este trabajo se expone la conveniencia de revisar algunas de las pautas tradicionales con las que se ha declinado en nuestro país el régimen jurídico del empleo público y, en particular, de los modos de acceso. A la luz de algunos de los problemas de tipo práctico que la experiencia acumulada muestra que presenta el actual sistema español, e inspirados en la experiencia comparada se proponen diversas soluciones concretas que, a nuestro juicio, serían perfectamente compatibles con los principios constitucionales en la materia y ayudarían a mejorar el modelo de empleo público en general y, específicamente, los sistemas de acceso a este en condiciones de igualdad: limitar la reserva a personal funcionario a puestos de trabajo donde haya una justificación objetiva para ellos, modificar las pruebas para dar más importancia a la demostración de capacidades, sistemas de tipo MIR que eliminen las barreras socioeconómicas de muchas oposiciones tradicionales e incluso la experimentación con programas de búsqueda de futuros y futuras trabajadoras entre grupos con problemas de inclusión y procedentes de entornos más diversos o a partir de programas de prácticas. Abstract: This paper reviews some of the traditional patterns of the Spanish legal framework applicable to public employment and, in particular, to its recruitment systems. In light of some of the practical problems our system presents and inspired by foreign experiences, we put forward a series of specific solutions which, in our opinion, would be perfectly compatible with the Spanish constitutional principles in this field and would help to improve the Spanish public employment system in general and, more specifically, recruitment under conditions of strict equality. These proposals include limiting civil servant positions to those for which there is an objective reason to be classified as such, increasing the weight given to the evaluation of qualitative skills in evaluation processes for access to public employment, MIR-type systems that eliminate some of the socio-economic barriers of traditional competitive examinations and even experimental programs or internship projects so as to enhance the chances of recruiting future public workers among groups with inclusion problems and from more diverse backgrounds.

Real-world String Comparison

In many languages a string comparison is a pitfall for beginners. With any Unicode string as input, a comparison often causes problems even for advanced users. The semantic equivalence of different characters in Unicode requires a normalization of the strings before comparing them. This article shows how to handle Unicode sequences correctly. The comparison of two strings for equality often raises questions concerning the difference between comparison by value, comparison of object references, strict equality, and loose equality. The most important aspect is semantic equivalence.

Equality of Treatment, Opportunity, and Outcomes: Mapping the Law

Equality is a concept open to many interpretations in the legal domain, with equality as equal treatment dominating the scene in the bureaucratic nation-state. But there are many possibilities offered by legal instruments to go beyond strict equality of treatment, in order to ensure equality of opportunity (a somehow nebulous concept) and equality of outcomes. Legislation can be sorted along a continuum, from the most discriminatory ones (“negative discrimination laws”) such as laws that prescribe prison sentences for people accused of being in same-sex relationships, to the most protective ones, labeled as “mandated outcome laws” (i.e., laws that prescribe quotas for designated groups) through “legal vacuum” (when laws neither discriminate nor protect), “restricted equal treatment” (when data collection by employers to monitor progress is forbidden or restricted), “equal treatment” (treating everyone the same with no consideration for outcomes), “encouraged progress” (when data collection to monitor progress on specific outcomes is mandatory for employers), and mandated progress (when goals have to be fixed and reached within a defined time frame on specified outcomes). Specific countries’ national legislation testify that some countries moved gradually along the continuum by introducing laws of increasing mandate, while (a few) others introduced outcome mandates directly and early on, as part of their core legal foundations. The public sector tends to be more protective than the private sector. A major hurdle in most countries is the enforcement of equality laws, mostly relying on individuals initiating litigation.

Is Subordinationism a Heresy?

The modern resurgence of orthodoxy in Anglican circles takes as its cardinal tenet the eternal coinherence of three persons in the one Godhead, equal in substance, rank and power. This is assumed to be the doctrine of the Nicene Council of 325, and the putative heresy that denies it is known by the term subordinationism. Although the ample lexicon of Greek heresiology supplies no clear antecedent for this term, the charge of subordinationism is thought to imperil any claim to be teaching in the catholic tradition, even if the teacher is Barth or Rahner. The confidence with which these accusations are levelled, however, seems to be in an inverse ratio to the accuser’s knowledge of history, for neither in New Testament scholarship nor at the cutting edge of the modern study of patristics will one find much evidence that subordinationism is even an anomaly, let alone an aberration from the biblical or conciliar norm. It is only in modern theology, not in the writings of empirical historians, that the Gorgon’s head of Arius is held up to those who question the strict equality of persons. At the same time, we must not forget that the systematician’s reading of Nicaea was until recently also that of the historian. No doubt the reason is partly that until the last half–century every historian was also a confessional theologian; but there is also a certain truth in the older approach so long as some pains are taken to define “subordination”.

Phase Stability and Morphology of Gel Grown Crystals: The Case of CdCl2-bpp Polymeric System

A phenomenological study is carried out on a complex two-component diffusion-reacting system in gel, that is, the Cd-1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane (Cd-bpp) coordination polymer. The latter can exist in three solid forms, which exploit a 1:1 correspondence among the Cd/bpp ratio, the crystal structure and the crystal morphology (1/2: bipyramids; 2/3: needles; 1/3: plates). The aim was to clarify the role of key physicochemical variables (reactant concentrations, composition of the solvent and density of the transport medium) in determining the chemical nature and the morphology of the final crystallization products. The gel method was tested in a variety of different crystallization configurations, including single and double diffusion techniques. The density of the gel primarily affects the morphology of the synthesized crystals, with denser media favouring the needle-like 2/3 Cd-bpp species and diluted ones the 1/2 Cd-bpp bipyramidal one. However, higher densities of the gel are generally associated to strained crystals. The solvent composition is also important, as for example the 1/2 Cd-bpp bipyramids require at least a minimum amount of ethanol to appear. We demonstrated that in gel the strict “equality” stoichiometric criteria for metal-to-ligand ratios can be sometimes eluded, as non–equilibrium concentrations can be locally attained. In this respect, the crystallization geometry was proven to act as a key tool to influence the crystallization output, as it determines the direction and magnitude of the concentration gradients. Finally, the use of U tubes to perform one-pot screenings of a large part of the crystallization space is discussed.

El fracaso del proyecto de ley constitucional «de protección de la nación» para incluir en la constitución francesa el estado de urgencia y la privación de la nacionalidad

El proyecto de ley constitucional «de protección de la nación» presentado por el presidente de la República tras los atentados terroristas de París del 13 de noviembre de 2015, tenía por objetivo introducir en la Constitución la noción de estado de urgencia y la extensión de la privación de la nacionalidad a los franceses de nacimiento. Estas dos vertientes del proyecto gubernamental dieron lugar a un intenso debate político y constitucional. Este debate se centró, en primer lugar, en el principio mismo de la constitucionalización del estado de urgencia, que es un estado de excepción cuyo origen se encuentra en la ley de 3 de abril de 1955. También se planteó la cuestión de la duración del estado de urgencia: ¿no existiría el riesgo de que ese estado de excepción diera lugar al nacimiento de un «estado de necesidad» que la amenaza terrorista tiende a hacer de ahora en adelante permanente? La extensión de la privación de la nacionalidad a los franceses de nacimiento también se ha discutido, principalmente en lo relativo a la oportunidad de su constitucionalización y sus modalidades. En particular, las dos cámaras del Parlamento no consiguieron ponerse de acuerdo sobre la cuestión de la apatridia. Se enfrascaron en una contradicción que explica finalmente, aparte de los cálculos políticos, el fracaso del conjunto del proyecto de ley constitucional: ¿era necesario hacer prevaler, en relación a la privación de la nacionalidad, una estricta igualdad entre franceses que sólo tienen la nacionalidad francesa y aquéllos con varias nacionalidades, y asumir así el riesgo de la apatridia, o bien había que prevenir el riesgo de apatridia y tratarles así de manera diferente?The draft Constitutional Law «to protect the nation» presented by the president of the Republic after the terrorist attacks in Paris on 13th November 2015 had as an aim to include in the Constitution the notion of state of urgency and to extend deprivation of nationality to French by birth. This two faces of the government draft were the origin of an intense political and constitutional debate. Firstly, this debate focused on the principle consisting on including in the Constitution the state of urgency, which is an exception state whose origin is in the 3rd April 1955 Act. Moreover, the question of duration of the state of urgency was also discussed: does this exception state risk giving birth to a «state of necessity» that the terrorist threat tends to make permanent? The extension of deprivation of nationality to French by birth has also been highly discussed regarding the opportunity of its inclusion in the Constitution and its modalities. Particularly, both chambers of Parliament were not able to agree on the issue of statelessness. They have immersed themselves in a contradiction which, apart from political calculations, finally explains the failure of the draft constitutional law: was there need to make prevail a strict equality among French with an only nationality and those with several nationalities and assume the risk of statelessness, or was there need to prevent the risk of statelessness and treat them in a different way?

Leftmost outside-in narrowing calculi

We present narrowing calculi that are computation models of functional-logic programming languages. The narrowing calculi are based on the notion of the leftmost outside-in reduction of Huet and Lévy. We note the correspondence between the narrowing and reduction derivations, and define the leftmost outside-in narrowing derivation. We then give a narrowing calculus OINC that generates the leftmost outside-in narrowing derivations. It consists of several inference rules that perform the leftmost outside-in narrowing. We prove the completeness of OINC using an ordering defined over a narrowing derivation space. To use the calculus OINC as a model of computation of functional-logic programming, we extend OINC to incorporate strict equality. The extension results in a new narrowing calculus, s-OINC. We show also that s-OINC enjoys the same completeness property as OINC.