Ion availabilities in two forest soils amended with alkaline-treated biosolids, agricultural lime, and wood fly ash over a 10-week period

Two forest soil B-horizons were amended with alkaline-treated biosolids (ATB), powdered agricultural lime, and wood fly ash under controlled conditions to compare initial ion availabilities over a 10-week period. ATB was most effective in supplying available Ca2+ but least effective in supplying available Mg2+, for which lime was most effective. Availability of K+ and SO42–-S was greatest in fly ash amended soils because of high K and S loading rates and the high electrical conductivity of this amendment. Mineral N (NO3–-N + NH4+-N) availability increased in ATB amended soils, stayed the same in lime amended soils, and decreased in fly ash amended soils. Availability of PO43–-P was low in all soils but slightly enhanced in ATB amended soils. Fluxes of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ in amended soils generally decreased over time in association with increased soil pH. Fluxes of Cd2+ were not affected by any treatment. Results suggest that ATB is equally as effective as or more effective than lime and fly ash at immediately supplying Ca2+, but less effective at supplying Mg2+ because of low inputs and cation competition. This suggests that ATB amendments could be an alternative means of quickly adding available Ca2+ to Ca-depleted forest soils as long as potential impacts on other nutrient base cations are considered.

MONITORING ESSENTIAL SOIL NUTRIENT BASE ON INTERNET OF THINGS ON DIPTEROCARPUS LITTORALIS PLANT

Dipterocarpus littoralis known locally as pelahlar, is a producer of endemic commercial wood in Nusakambangan. Pelahlar habitat that is isolated in one island and a narrow genetic distribution causes the risk of extinction of this species is increasing. The effort to conserve rare flora can be done by monitoring and observation the balance of essential nutrients at the site of growth. So we need a system that is able to monitor the balance of essential nutrients and pH in the soil to support the growth of rare flora based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This system consists of a sensor station and a central gate station that is connected based on a star network. scheduling of sending data from the sensor station to the gate station is determined from the results of competition between sensor stations based on the backoff of each sensor station. through this scheme an increase in throughput and collision values is based on the number of sensor stations. From our proposed scheme, it is found that the more sensor stations that compete, the smaller the value of the throughput of the system.

Soil Pollution Index (SPI) for an Area of 10 Km Radius from the Proposed Carbon Black Manufacturing Unit at Pudi Village, Rambilli Mandal, and Visakhapatnam District.

The soil is a natural body composed of different layers of mineral constituents of varying thicknesses, which differ from their parent materials on the basis of morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics. Soil which consists of broken rock particles that have been altered by chemical processes. It varies from its parent rock due to interactions between all the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, it is a mixture of mineral & organic constituents that are solid, gaseous and aqueous. Soil that is loosely packed, forming a soil structure filled with pore spaces.Soil is used in agriculture where it serves as the primary plant nutrient base but is shown to be hydrophonic and not essential for plant growth if the nutrients contained in the soil could be dissolved in solution.. This types of soils used in agriculture vary with respect to the species of plants that are cultivated.

Comparative Assessment of Prospective Protein Bases for Microbiological Media

Objective of the work is to carry out comparative assessment of the pancreatic hydrolysates of protein-containing products, both phytogenous and zoogenous, as nutrient base for microbiological media. Gelatine, soy, soy concentrate, maize gluten, fish meal, common kilka, and bovine blood have been used as a feedstock. Protein stuff hydrolysis, hydrolysate purification, and validation of physical-chemical properties were performed in accordance with conventional techniques. Testing of peptone biological parameters has been carried out on the model of nutrient agar using Shigella flexneri 1a 8516, Shigella sonnei “S form”, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27/99, Serratia plymuthica 1 test strains. Identified have been physical-chemical parameters of the hydrolysates under study. Detected are the variations in quantity, diameter and frequency of dissociation among the colonies of Shigella flexneri 1a 8516, Shigella sonnei “S form”, chromogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27/99, Serratia plymuthica 1, cultivated on agar media with hydrolysates under study. Obtained are the comparative data on physical-chemical and biological parameters of all experimental hydrolysates, which offers an opportunity to differentiate their choice when adding them into bacteriological nutrient media.

Cycling of nutrient base cations in a twelve year old Sitka spruce plantation in upland mid-Wales

The effects of the early growth of plantation forestry on the biogeochemical cycling of potassium, calcium and magnesium have been investigated in a stand of 12 year old Sitka spruce and adjacent moorland growing on acid peaty podzol soils in mid Wales. Element budgets have been calculated for both systems using measurements of soil and vegetation base cation pools and fluxes. In the moorland, the magnesium budget is approximately at steady-state with no net change to the soil store whilst the soil is accumulating potassium. The calcium budget is approximately balanced but contains significant uncertainties due to between plot variability in calcium leaching losses. Afforestation has greatly increased the above-ground living biomass which holds 7 to 15 times more nutrients compared to the living aerial biomass in the moorland. With the exception of magnesium, the base cation stores within the forest soil are being depleted as the increase in atmospheric deposition due to the forest canopy provides only a small offset to the much larger accumulation of base cations within the trees. The current net rate of change in the soil store of calcium is sustainable for only 65 years. However, as the trees mature, their demand for calcium will be reduced and they should be able to ‘tap' deeper sources of calcium in the soil profile as well as in the drift and regolith material. Keywords: Forestry, base cations, element cycling, calcium, magnesium, potassium