scholarly journals Exercise-associated Muscle Cramps in Runners: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-93
Author(s):  
Ali Fattahi ◽  
◽  
Mahboobeh Dehnavi ◽  
Leila Hamzeh ◽  
◽  
...  

Objective: Exercise-associated Muscle Cramp (EAMC) is an intense, painful, and involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles during a physical activity. Runners are more prone to this syndrome than other athletes. The present paper aims to review of the literature on EAMC in runners to determine the reasons and nature of EAMC in this sports field. Methods: A search was conducted for related studies from 1997 to 2021 in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE/SCOPUS, LILACS, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, PEDro, Google Scholar as well as MagIran, IranDoc, IranMedex, MedLib using MeSH Keywords. The reference section of the studies were also checked to find more studies. Finally, 15 eligible papers on EAMC in runners were reviewed and findings were reported. Results: Several factors were found to be effective in EAMC among runners, including dehydration, electrolyte deficit, cold, long training or competition period, increased body temperature during training or competition, history of injury or muscle cramp, increased training intensity in short time, and dietary restrictions. Conclusion: The cause of EAMC in runners seems to be multifactorial.

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (S2) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Maughan ◽  
Susan M. Shirreffs

Abstract Muscle cramp is a temporary but intense and painful involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle that can occur in many different situations. The causes of, and cures for, the cramps that occur during or soon after exercise remain uncertain, although there is evidence that some cases may be associated with disturbances of water and salt balance, while others appear to involve sustained abnormal spinal reflex activity secondary to fatigue of the affected muscles. Evidence in favour of a role for dyshydration comes largely from medical records obtained in large industrial settings, although it is supported by one large-scale intervention trial and by field trials involving small numbers of athletes. Cramp is notoriously unpredictable, making laboratory studies difficult, but experimental models involving electrical stimulation or intense voluntary contractions of small muscles held in a shortened position can induce cramp in many, although not all, individuals. These studies show that dehydration has no effect on the stimulation frequency required to initiate cramping and confirm a role for spinal pathways, but their relevance to the spontaneous cramps that occur during exercise is questionable. There is a long history of folk remedies for treatment or prevention of cramps; some may reduce the likelihood of some forms of cramping and reduce its intensity and duration, but none are consistently effective. It seems likely that there are different types of cramp that are initiated by different mechanisms; if this is the case, the search for a single strategy for prevention or treatment is unlikely to succeed.


1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 396-396
Author(s):  
I. Pustylnik

We study the short-time evolutionary history of the well-known contact binary VW Cep. Our analysis is based partly on the numerous UBV lightcurves obtained at Tartu Observatory, IUE spectra, and samples from the published data. Special attention is given to the effects of asymmetry of the light curves. A higher degree of asymmetry outside the eclipses along with the significant displacements of the brightness maxima in respect to the elongation phase is interpreted as evidence that a considerable portion of the flaring source is concentrated close to the neck connecting the components. We discuss the nature of asymmetry in terms of possible mass exchange and the flare activity and compare the results of our model computations with the record of orbital period variations over the last 60 years.


2021 ◽  
pp. 216507992096196
Author(s):  
Sandra J. Domeracki

Background: Tennis leg (TL), a musculotendon injury to the gastrocnemius, has been associated with the eponymous sport since 1883. This article examines the historical context of TL as a sports compared with an occupational injury. This was juxtaposed with the history of tennis elbow, a tendon injury to the upper extremity also associated with sport. Methods: Bibliometric databases (PubMed, Web of Science [WOS], Hathi Trust) were keyword-searched; relevant citations were investigated in depth. Results: The search yielded 71 citations for TL (PubMed). The majority ( n = 43) were key word linked to sport terms; only one was linked to work-related search terms. Furthermore, none of the top four cited publications (Web of Science) alluded to work-related risk factors in TL in full textual analysis. Hathi Trust yielded the earliest work-related case, reported in a non-biomedical source. Tennis elbow was more frequently reported ( n = 189 citations in PubMed) and more frequently linked ( n = 193; 9.7%) to occupational search terms. Conclusion/Application to Practice: The history of TL, juxtaposed with tennis elbow, demonstrates how nosology can influence but does not wholly explain disease attribution, potentially to the detriment of taking into account occupational causality. The lack of recognition of occupational factors revealed in this literature search was notable because TL occurred most commonly in males of working age. By providing perspective on how historical context and nosology can affect the conceptualization of disease, this review may help inform prevention, treatment, and regulatory policy.


Anthropos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-378
Author(s):  
Carlos Nogueira

In this article I address the problem of the definition, manifestations, characteristics, and causes of catastrophic evil (one that leads hundreds or thousands of people to exclusion, suffering and death in a short time). To this end, I start from a set of George Steiner’s theses on the nature of evil that José Saramago’s thought and literary discourse confirm and support with an eloquence and depth that is rare in both the history of ideas and and in universal literature.


2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
Luca Dei Cas ◽  
Maria Luisa Pastore ◽  
Andrea Pavan ◽  
Nicola Petrella

Abstract. In areas located near large rock cliffs, risk reduction by early warning monitoring systems highligts potentiality but also critical issues and limits. The paper examines two rock slope failures that occurred in a short time from each other near inhabited areas in the Italian Alps. The viscous behavior of the rock mass was reconstructed through data processing from ground-based Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR), and elaboration of acceleration and speed curves. Landslides types and underlying complexity associated with rock detachment mechanisms suggest the identification of precautionary alarm thresholds for collapse forecasting. The analysis of financial outlay, both for mitigation works and for monitoring activities, highlight the adequacy and the opportunity to combine passive systems, like embankments or rockfall drapery meshes, with a reliable monitoring network for early warning.


2013 ◽  
pp. 779-788
Author(s):  
Anatolij Turilov

The article is devoted to filling gaps in the history of Byzantine ecclesiastical hierarchy mid - late XIV-XV centuries. It consists of two parts. In the first one the author succeeds in using little known or forgotten Slavic written sources set the name of the Ohrid Archbishop of late XIV - early XV centuries, set the name of the Ohrid Archbishop of late XIV - early XV centuries, and a suggestion about the name of another Chapter of this Department first half of the XV century. The second part is devoted to the unknown until now Metropolitan of Heraclea Thracian a short time took this Department in 1410?s and carrying out probably important diplomatic missions.


Author(s):  
Charles Reher

As of this writing we have completed the third year of a cooperative UW/GTNP archaeological project, with 1998 being the first season. The primary purpose here is to provide a brief overview of some of the accomplishments of that first field season. This basic "UW/NPS Research Center Annual Report" format then will have two more installments for 1999 and 2000. More attention is given in this first report to background such as the history of archaeological research in Grand Teton National Park, while subsequent reports will emphasize other types of information. No attempt is made here to provide detailed discussions of field methods, project environmental settings, or individual sites, features, and artifacts. Such description would be standard in some archaeological reporting formats, but much more detailed discussions, and more synthesis of regional prehistory, is being assembled in a series of project­ specific compliance reports, conference papers, seminar papers, a graduate student thesis, and journal articles. The possibility of a cooperative University of Wyoming/Grand Teton National Park venture was first proposed by Robert Schiller, Director of the Science and Resource Management Division at Grand Teton. It was apparent that a series of mutual benefits could result, where University archaeologists would aid the Park with its increasing number of federally-mandated compliance projects while at the same time providing student training and employment opportunities. In addition, nearly 400 sites had been located in Grand Teton National Park and the adjacent Rockefeller Parkway at that time, but very little current information was available for many of them and modem re­evaluations were needed. At the same time, these various "applied research" compliance surveys and site revisit projects could contribute to broader theoretical frameworks relevant to our research throughout the region. The investigation of prehistoric settlement patterns and other aspects of landscape utilization is enhanced even by basic surface evidence, for example. The 1998 UW/GTNP CAP crew included the writer, UW Anthropology graduate students Alan Bartholomew and Mike Peterson, and volunteer archaeologist Jill Anderson. All work in Grand Teton has been coordinated with Park Historian Mike Johnson and USFS/GTNP Archaeologist Merry Haydon. Dave Hammond with the GTNP GPS unit and several other individuals aided with our projects. Yellowstone National Park Archaeologist Ann Johnson provided needed advice and materials on several occasions. All of our work was only possible because of the availability of the AMK Science Camp facilities, and the hospitality provided there by Hank and Mary Ann Harlow and their staff.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Sun ◽  
Wentao Wang ◽  
Longshuang He ◽  
Yu Su ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Primary trigeminal neuralgia (TN), hemifacial spasm (HFS) and glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN) are common diseases of nervous system, with similar pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Coexistent of such disease, especially coexistent of TN-HFS-GN simultaneously, is very rare. To date, only nine cases have been reported.Case Presentation: A 70-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes complained of severe involuntary contraction for about 10 years, knife-like and lighting-like pain, which was restricted to the distribution of the second and third branches of trigeminal nerve and pharynx and root of tongue, for about 2 years. Coexistent of TN HFS and GN was diagnosed and MVD was carried out. After MVD, the patient completely free from symptoms and no recurrence and hypoesthesia were recorded in 18 months follow up.Conclusion: Here we report the tenth and oldest male patient with coexistent of TN-HFS-GN. Despite limited reports, MVD is the preferred choice for such diseases which can free patients from spasm and neuralgia.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Chernoff ◽  
Terri Combs-Orme ◽  
Christina Risley-Curtiss ◽  
Alice Heisler

Objective. Most research on health problems of children in foster care has been cross-sectional, resulting in overselection of children who have been in care long-term and underrepresentation of children who are in care for a short time. Methodology. This paper reports on the health of a large cohort of children who had complete health examinations at the time of entry into foster care in a middle-size city during a 2-year period. Results. Results indicate that >90% of the children had an abnormality in atleast one body system, 25% failed the vision screen, and 15% failed the hearing screen. The children were also lighter and shorter than the norm. Mental health screening revealed that 75% had a family history of mental illness or drug or alcohol abuse. Of children older than 3 years of age, 15% admitted to or were suspect for suicidal ideation and 7% for homicidal ideation. Of the children younger than 5 years of age, 23% had abnormal or suspect results on developmental screening examinations. At the time of entry into foster care, 12% of the children required an antibiotic. More than half needed urgent or nonurgent referrals for medical services and, for children >3 years of age, more than half needed urgent or nonurgent referrals for dental and mental health services. Just 12% of the children required only routine follow-up care. Conclusions. The high prevalence and broad range of health needs of children at the time they enter foster care necessitate the design and implementation of better models of health care delivery for children in foster care.


2021 ◽  
pp. 181-183
Author(s):  
Andrew McKeon

A 21-year-old woman with a long-standing history of migraine sought care at her local provider for a 1-week history of confusion and mixing up her words. She then had a witnessed seizure, with dyscognitive features and secondary generalization. On hospitalization, electroencephalography demonstrated left temporal theta slowing and sharp waves. Magnetic resonance imaging showed patchy T2-signal abnormality, nonenhancing, in the left temporal region (only a report was available). Thyroid peroxidase antibodies were increased at 271 IU/mL. A diagnosis of an autoimmune encephalopathy was made, and the patient was treated with phenytoin, levetiracetam, and high-dose corticosteroids, followed by a slow oral prednisone taper. The patient improved cognitively but had considerable emotional lability and an increase in headache frequency and severity and, thus, sought a second opinion. Blood was drawn for genetic testing. The patient died in her sleep a short time later, most likely in the context of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. Her genetic testing results became available 1 month later, which showed findings consistent with MELAS syndrome: heteroplasmic sequence variation m.3243A>G (tRNA Leu) and homoplasmic rare variant m.2294A>G (16S rRNA). Encephalopathy or encephalitis of subacute onset with fluctuating course is not unique to autoimmune encephalitis. Common acquired metabolic disorders must be considered and excluded in all cases, such as deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate, hypothyroidism, sepsis, and central nervous system–active medications.


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