Should I stay or should I go? How activity synchronization affects fission decisions

Group-living animals need to deal with conflicting interests to maintain cohesion. When the costs of doing so outweigh the benefits, the group may (temporarily) split into two or more subgroups. Conflicting interests can concern what activity to pursue or the direction of travel. Temporary group separation is a common feature in species with a high degree of fission–fusion dynamics. We investigated the role activity synchronization played in fission decisions in a spider monkey group living in the Otoch Ma'ax Yetel Kooh Nature Reserve, Yucatan, Mexico. For 21 months, we recorded every fission event occurring in the followed subgroup, as well as the subgroup activity. We classified the activity as ‘synchronized’ when at least 75% of subgroup members performed the same activity (resting, foraging, socializing or travelling); otherwise, we classified it as ‘non-synchronized’. We found that fission events occurred more often when the activity was non-synchronized. In addition, when the activity was synchronized, fission events occurred more often when spider monkeys were travelling than when they were engaged in other subgroup activities. Our findings highlight the role of conflicting interests over the activity to pursue and travel direction in fission decisions.

Penggunaan Media Facebook Bagi Peningkatan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam

This study aims to determine the use of media facebook on students, and to determine the role of facebook media to increase the motivation to learn PAI students in SMPN 2 Lanrisang. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. Qualitative method, preferably observation, interview, documentation. This research used Dougherty & Pritchard theory in Bauer. That is Role perception and Role Expectation, with aspect of role: a) Impersonal, b) Working behavior, c) Controlling, d) Behavior change, and e) Various role / activity. The results of this study were: 1) media faceboook has been used in students SMPN 2 Lanrisang, Facebook for the students SMPN 2 Lanrisang not only serves as a social network but has become a medium of learning with the use of group features in facebook media. 2) facebook media contributes to the improvement of students' learning motivation in SMPN 2 Lanrisang, especially on learning of Islamic Religious Education, this is seen among the students who are active in the group facebook PAI

GENDER ROLES IN OPTIMISATION OF HOUSE-YARD LAND TO IMPROVE HOUSEHOLD INCOME (Case Study of Kampung Kucai in Kranggan Hamlet, Pojok Village, Blitar Regency)

This research aims to describe women farmer ’s participation in the establishment of Kampung Kucai (Chives Hamlet) through Women Farmers Group, to identify existing gender roles, and to review to what extent do women contribute to household income by means of house-yard land optimisation for farming practice. Study area was determined purposively in Kampung Kucai, Kranggan Hamlet, Pojok Village, Blitar Regency. This research was conducted between March and April 2018. Snowball sampling was used as sampling method. There were 20 respondents interviewed, both husbands and wives actively involved in Women Farmers Group, and 5 key informants. Data were analysed using descriptive analysis with qualitative and quantitative approaches. It was found that women ’s participation in the Kampung Kucai ’s establishment made up from chives cultivation, promotional activities, and managing sustainably. Gender roles in the house-yard land chives farming management were identified according to role/activity, control, access, and benefit disparities between men and women. Men were found to have allocated more time on productive role compared to their women counterparts. Men allocated 10 hours per day or 66,7 % worth productive role where women allocated 5 hours per day or 33,3 %. Therefore, each contributions to household income per month were Rp. 460.230,- and Rp. 229.770,- respectively, whereas women allocated more reproductive role than their men counterparts at 50 % rate compared to 14,5 %. Keywords: Gender Roles, Women Farmer, Workloads, Income Contribution. Received: 26 February, 2017; Accepter: 15 March, 2017

GENDER ROLES IN OPTIMISATION OF HOUSE-YARD LAND TO IMPROVE HOUSEHOLD INCOME (Case Study of Kampung Kucai in Kranggan Hamlet, Pojok Village, Blitar Regency)

This research aims to describe women farmer’s participation in the establishment of Kampung Kucai (Chives Hamlet) through Women Farmers Group, to identify existing gender roles, and to review to what extent do women contribute to household income by means of house-yard land optimisation for farming practice. Study area was determined purposively in Kampung Kucai, Kranggan Hamlet, Pojok Village, Blitar Regency. This research was conducted between March and April 2018. Snowball sampling was used as sampling method. There were 20 respondents interviewed, both husbands and wives actively involved in Women Farmers Group, and 5 key informants. Data were analysed using descriptive analysis with qualitative and quantitative approaches. It was found that women’s participation in the Kampung Kucai’s establishment made up from chives cultivation, promotional activities, and managing sustainably. Gender roles in the house-yard land chives farming management were identified according to role/activity, control, access, and benefit disparities between men and women. Men were found to have allocated more time on productive role compared to their women counterparts. Men allocated 10 hours per day or 66,7 % worth productive role where women allocated 5 hours per day or 33,3 %. Therefore, each contributions to household income per month were Rp. 460.230,- and Rp. 229.770,- respectively, whereas women allocated more reproductive role than their men counterparts at 50 % rate compared to 14,5 %. Keywords: Gender Roles, Women Farmer, Workloads, Income Contribution. Received: 26 February, 2017; Accepter: 15 March, 2017

Evaluation of Self-reported Patient Experiences: Insights from Digital Patient Communities in Psoriatic Arthritis

Objective.To evaluate the types of experiences and treatment access challenges of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) using self-reported online narratives.Methods.English-language patient narratives reported between January 2010 and May 2016 were collected from 31 online sources (general health social networking sites, disease-focused patient forums, treatment reviews, general health forums, mainstream social media sites) for analysis of functional impairment and 40 online sources for assessment of barriers to treatment. Using natural language processing and manual curation, patient-reported experiences were categorized into 6 high-level concepts of functional impairment [social, physical, emotional, cognitive, role activity (SPEC-R), and general] and 6 categories to determine barriers to treatment access (coverage ineligibility, out-of-pocket cost, issues with assistance programs, clinical ineligibility, formulary placement/sequence, doctor guidance). The SPEC-R categorization was also applied to 3 validated PsA patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments to evaluate their capacity to collect lower-level subconcepts extracted from patient narratives.Results.Of 15,390 narratives collected from 3139 patients with PsA for exploratory analysis, physical concepts were the most common (81.5%), followed by emotional (50.7%), cognitive (20.0%), role activity (8.1%), and social (5.6%) concepts. Cognitive impairments and disease burden on family and parenting were not recorded by PsA PRO instruments. The most commonly cited barriers to treatment were coverage ineligibility (51.6%) and high out-of-pocket expenses (31.7%).Conclusion.Patients often discussed physical and emotional implications of PsA in online platforms; some commonly used PRO instruments in PsA may not identify cognitive issues or parenting/family burden. Nearly one-third of patients with PsA reported access barriers to treatment.

Professional Roles as the Structural Component of Professional Identity of Higher Education Teachers in Samples of Riga and Smolensk

The strengthening of professional identity (PI) of teachers of higher education institutions (HEI) is one of the ways to improve the quality of educational process. Performance of professional role(s) can be identified as the key component of PI. The contemporary university teacher performs many professional roles: she/he is a lecturer, researcher, supervisor of students’ research works, expert, and so on. Multi-role activity of a teacher is considered as a characteristic feature of the profession by the colleagues in Latvia, Russia and other countries. This research is based on the data obtained during the implementation of the Project ‘Professional Identity of Contemporary Pedagogue’ in 2014–2016 by the researchers from Riga (Latvia) and Smolensk (Russia). In the realization of the project, the six-component structural model of the content of HEI teacher’s PI was created and the survey was carried out using the questionnaire ‘HEI Teachers’ Professional Identity’ developed by the project participants. Overall, a total of 198 teachers were surveyed in Riga and Smolensk. The aim of this article was to analyze and compare the data obtained for the PI component ‘Professional Roles’ in the samples of HEI teachers of both the countries. The data were analysed using statistical methods. The results showed that teachers of both the countries perform their professional roles at a high level. Overall, the answers of teachers of the two countries were well agreed. However, some peculiarities in the data of Riga and Smolensk were observed, and some problems of PI of HEI teachers were identified, which require attention of executives of the education reform and teachers.