What role conceptions do multi-healthcare professionals have of physicians and what role expectation do they have of physicians in a community?

Background To create an effective community-based integrated care system, interprofessional collaboration based on healthcare professionals’ mutual understanding of their respective roles must be promoted. This study aimed to identify the role conception and role expectation that other healthcare professionals have towards physicians in the context of a community-based integrated care system. Methods We organized focus groups and adopted ‘Role Theory’ as a theoretical framework. We collected data from healthcare professionals attending a conference on community-based integrated care systems in Japan. Fifty-four non-physician healthcare professionals consented to participate in 7 focus groups. Theme analysis based on the verbatim recorded transcripts was conducted in accordance with the framework of “Role Theory”. Results The role conception of physicians is as a figure of intellectual authority positioned at the top of a traditional hierarchy, with a personal character of criticism/autonomy/closedness, not accommodative of interference from others, and upholding the Biomedical Model as an absolute standard. In response to this, the role expectation of physicians in the community is that they undertake actions that only physicians can undertake to ensure that a flat organization functions properly in providing medical explanations during patient transitions, and to offer healthcare support for patients who are difficult to access. This role expectation also includes the perception of patients as human beings, with physicians adapting to the Bio-Psycho-Social Model, explaining to patients about their disease as an authoritative voice based on an understanding of psychosocial circumstances, and sharing the prognosis of disease or disability. The expected personal character is a person with an open mind who allows others to seek advice, as well as a sense of approachableness which facilitates such seeking of advice. Conclusion In the context of a community-based integrated care system, physicians should consider the understanding of their role conception and role expectation that other professionals have of them, and endeavor to create an open relationship with all healthcare professionals while giving careful consideration to their own role.

What Role Conceptions Do Multi-Healthcare Professionals Have of Physicians and What Role Expectation Do They Have of Physicians in a Community?

Background: To create an effective community-based integrated care system, interprofessional collaboration based on the healthcare professionals’ mutual understanding of their respective roles must be promoted. This study aimed to identify the role conception and role expectation that other healthcare professionals have towards physicians in the context of community-based integrated care system.Methods: We organized focus groups and adopted ‘Role Theory’ as a theoretical framework. We collected data for healthcare professionals attending a conference on community-based integrated care systems in Japan. Fifty-four healthcare professionals other than physicians consented to participating in 7 focus groups. Theme analysis based on the recorded and verbatim transcripts was conducted on collation with the research questions.Results: The role conception of physicians is as a figure of intellectual authority positioned at the top of a traditional hierarchy, with a personal character of criticism/autonomy/closedness, not accommodating any interference from others, and upholding the Biomedical Model as an absolute standard. In response to it, the role expectation of physicians in a community is that they undertake actions that only physicians can undertake to ensure that a flat organization functions properly to provide medical explanations during transitions and to offer healthcare support for patients who are difficult to access. The role expectation also includes a perception of patients as human beings, with physicians adapting to the Bio-Psycho-Social Model, explaining to patients about their disease as an authoritative voice based on an understanding of psychosocial circumstances, and sharing the prognosis of disease or disability. The personal character expected was for someone with an open mind who allows others to seek advice, as well as a sense of approachableness which makes it easier for others to seek advice. Conclusion: In the context of a community-based integrated care system, physicians should consider understanding of the role conception and role expectation that other professionals have of them, and need to endeavor to create an open relationship with all healthcare professionals and give careful thought to their own roles.

A Systematic Gender Perspective on Entertainment Theory

The chapter provides a systematic overview of the role gender plays in entertainment research. Starting with a theoretical primer on the gender concept, the chapter continues by summarizing empirical findings on gender differences in the selection of, exposure to, and responses to entertainment, using the examples of violent, dramatic, and sexually explicit entertainment media. In the second part, the chapter systematically reviews theoretical arguments that have been made to explain these gender differences. The media user’s personality, gender identity, gender-role expectation, and social identity are discussed as individual level factors. The representation of gender in entertainment media is introduced as a second potential source for gender differences. Starting with the numeric underrepresentation of women, the chapter goes on to review misrepresentations of gender and gender roles as cause for gender differences. A critical reflection of the theoretical and methodological integration of the gender concept in entertainment theory closes the chapter.

Diferencias por sexo en sensibilidad al dolor desde un enfoque biopsicosocial

Objetivo: El objetivo principal de este estudio es hacer una comparativa por sexos y analizar la asociación entre las variables: sensibilidad y autopercepción de sensibilidad, resistencia y disposición a informar del dolor, catastrofismo y autoeficacia en una muestra de sujetos jóvenes sanos. El objetivo secundario es analizar la imagen social sobre la sensibilidad, resistencia y disposición a informar del dolor en ambos sexos. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Marco: Lugar de realización Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle (Madrid). Participantes: Individuos sanos de edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 35 años, sin conocimientos fisiológicos del dolor. Se dividieron en dos grupos: hombres (n=35) y mujeres (n=44). Variables: Las variables psicológicas fueron la autopercepción de sensibilidad, la resistencia y la expresión del dolor (Gender Role Expectation of Pain), catastrofismo (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), autoeficacia (Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale). La Variable física fue la medición del umbral de sensibilidad a la presión con el algómetro. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron un menor umbral de sensibilidad a la presión en mujeres que además se correlacionaba con menores puntuaciones en autoeficacia. No se observaron diferencias en autopercepción de sensibilidad, resistencia y disposición a informar del dolor ni en los niveles de catastrofismo entre ambos sexos. Conclusión: Debido a la cantidad de variables que pueden influir en la percepción de dolor entre hombres y mujeres, se necesitan futuros estudios que sigan con esta línea de investigación.

So Much Trouble on My Mind: African American Males Coping With Mental Health Issues and Racism

BackgroundThe current discussion examines the mental health needs and challenges of African American males within a social context undergirded by racism. There is a dearth of empirical research on African American males in this regard.ObjectiveTo effectively address the needs of this population, this article reviews the extant literature on cultural, social, and contextual factors that may be salient factors in the mental health status and outcomes for African American males.MethodsThis includes an examination of the roles of race, religious participation, social support, gender role expectation in mental health and well-being outcomes.Findings/ConclusionThe current discussion is intended to serve as a prospective guide for future research, prevention, and intervention initiatives designed to improve such outcomes for a vulnerable and at-risk population group.

Role of Agri-input Dealers in Providing Extension Services to the Farmers of Bihar (India) and Their Role Expectation from Government Institutions

The present study was undertaken in Bhagalpur and Vaishali districts of Bihar (India) during 2017-19.The study focused on the farm extension services by agri-input dealers. The data was collected from 120 agri-input dealers through structured schedule. Findings of the study regarding after sale services information showed that the agri-input dealers do farmer’s field visits very often. The agri-input dealers facilitate demonstration of new varieties of seeds, pesticides and herbicides in farmers’ fields in collaboration with the company. They efficiently provide information related to new technologies. Governments’ role in farm extension services to the farmer is unsatisfactory. Dissemination of latest technological information and farm implements through agri-input dealers will reduce the cost of cultivation. Thus agri-input dealers play a significant role in providing information to the farmers. However, most agri-input dealers have in sufficient knowledge so they need training and exposure from government institutions.

Interpreting Vietnam’s China policy from the perspective of role theory: independent role versus interactive role

Literature of small state’s foreign policy-making has mostly focused on the structural factors and less on the perceptions of the weak state. This article adopts a cross-level analysis framed by role theory to investigate Vietnam’s China policy. Two role conceptions are provided to illustrate Vietnam’s management of bilateral relations with China. The main demarcation of these two roles lies in their perceptions of hierarchy embedded in the asymmetric relations. The independent role is ego-driven and identity based that it views hierarchy as mainly the discrepancy of material power. By contrast, the interactive role is relational oriented and interprets hierarchy from the angle of distribution of responsibilities; the higher role expectation of the other actor and the pursuit of relational security are especially emphasized by this interactive role. Finally, this article utilizes the case of South China Sea dispute to explain how and why inter-role conflict and domestic role contestation occurred.

Gender Differences in Perceived Role Expectations, Mental Health, and Job Satisfaction of Civil Police Constables: A Quali-Quantitative Survey

The purpose of the study was to examine the gender differences in perceptions of role expectations, mental health dimensions, and job satisfaction of police constables. The study further examined the potential mediating effects of psychological well-being and psychological distress on the nature of the relationship between dimensions of police role expectations and job satisfaction. Police constables (total number = 203: males = 144, females = 59) were surveyed in four districts (Varanasi, Mirzapur, Allahabad, and Lucknow) in the state of Uttar Pradesh of India. Participants’ responses were obtained on questionnaires, which measured demographic characteristics, police role expectations ( Maurya, 2017 ), psychological well-being and psychological distress ( Heubeck & Neill, 2000 ), and job satisfaction ( Dantzker’s, 1993 ). Data were statistically analyzed for examining the patterns of relationships between the variables. Additionally, the constables were also interviewed for eliciting their views on the prevailing job conditions. Findings revealed significant gender differences in the demographic variables, namely, experience and salary, aggressiveness and facilitative dimensions of role expectations, and the levels of psychological well-being among the male and female civil police constables. The authoritative role expectations were positively correlated with psychological distress of male participants only. While all aggressiveness, facilitative, and authoritative dimensions of police role expectations had significantly positive correlations with job satisfaction of male participants, only the facilitative dimension of role expectation was significantly positively correlated with job satisfaction of female participants. Psychological well-being of both male and female participants was positively correlated with job satisfaction. However, psychological distress was negatively correlated with job satisfaction of male participants only. Findings also highlight the mediating effects of psychological well-being on the prediction of job satisfaction by the facilitative dimension of role expectation among female police constables, while psychological distress exercised suppresser effects on the prediction of job satisfaction by the factor ‘aggressiveness’ among male police constables.

Determinants of voting avoidance On mobile social media: evidence from WeChat in China

Purpose The purpose of this study is to use role expectation theory to identify potential determinants of user voting avoidance on mobile social media. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through a survey of 602 WeChat users, and the proposed model was analysed using structural equation modelling. Findings Results indicate that user voting avoidance was positively influenced by unfair competition, perceived inauthenticity, perceived information insecurity, over-consumption of renqing (a unique Chinese human relation) and organisation placement in the context of mobile social media. Originality/value This study illustrates mobile user voting avoidance from the perspective of role expectation theory and clarifies the importance of avoidance in current voting research.

An Analysis of the Bank Employees Domains of Occupational Stress with Reference to Kottayam District, Kerala

Occupational stress is a common phenomenon that is pervasive in every industry. The domains of stress, especially in the banking sector, consist of the demand of inter role performance, role stagnation, role expectation, conflict of role, role erosion, role overload, role isolation, personal inadequacy, role ambiguity, role distance and resource inadequacy. The work stress in the banking industry occurs because of the effects on one’s understanding of one’s working atmosphere, strengths, opportunities, potential, threats and limitations, while performing a designated role. A gender based study was conducted among 50 bank employees in Kottayam district, Kerala. The gender was taken as an independent variable and stress id taken a dependent variable for the study. The study analysed turbulence, heavy workload and long working hours that have become the norm in the industry. Different elements of stress led to a decline in personal health, relations with colleagues and dissatisfaction with life itself, which affected efficiency and productivity. The study revealed that both the male and female respondents were affected with overload, responsibility, lack of participation, unreasonable work pressure, poor peer relations, intrinsic impoverishment, low status, strenuous working conditions and poor results. The level of significance(p<.05) and the available scores were more that the significance value, except the values of role ambiguity and role conflict.