Integrating Semantic Acquaintance for Sentiment Analysis

The use of emerging digital information has become significant and exponential, as well as the boom of social media (forms, blogs, and social networks). Sentiment analysis concerns the statistical analysis of the views expressed in written texts. In appropriate evaluations of the emotional context, semantics plays an important role. The analysis is generally done from two viewpoints: how semantics are coded in sentimental instruments, such as lexicon, corporate, and ontological, and how automated systems determine feelings on social data. Two approaches to evaluate sentiments are commonly adopted (i.e., approaches focused on machine learning algorithms and semantic approaches). The precise testing in this area was increased by the already advanced semantic technology. This chapter focuses on semantic guidance-based sentiment analysis approaches. The Twitter/Facebook data will provide a semantically enhanced technique for annotation of sentiment polarity.

Continuous Developmental Change Explains Discontinuities in Word Learning

Cognitive development is often characterized in terms of discontinuities, but these discontinuities can sometimes be apparent rather than actual and can arise from continuous developmental change. To explore this idea, we use as a case study the finding by Stager and Werker (1997) that children's early ability to distinguish similar sounds does not automatically translate into word learning skills. Early explanations proposed that children may not be able to encode subtle phonetic contrasts when learning novel word meanings, thus suggesting a discontinuous/stage-like pattern of development. However, later work has revealed (e.g., through using more precise testing methods) that children do encode such contrasts, thus favoring a continuous pattern of development. Here we propose a probabilistic model that represents word knowledge in a graded fashion and characterizes developmental change as improvement in the precision of this graded knowledge. Our model explained previous findings in the literature and provided a new prediction --- the referents' visual similarity modulates word learning accuracy. The models' predictions were corroborated by human data we collected from both preschool children and adults. The broader impact of this work is to show that computational models, such as ours, can help us explore the extent to which episodes of cognitive development that are typically thought of as discontinuities may emerge from simpler, continuous mechanisms.

Analysis of Influence Factors in Step Heating Thermography to Composite Materials

In process of Thermal Wave NDT, as a result of influence from kinds of factors, such as noise, intensity of heating signal, defect dimension, it is very difficult to get good testing data. In order to resolve it, the method of numerical computing was taken to simulate the process of heat conduction in sample. At the simulating process, some valuable phenomenon were found, and as follows: When time of heating time was enough, temperature changing at surface would be steady, and rate of changes could be approximately considered as a constant; the biggest contrast would delay, as depth and diameter increased; the greater intensity of heating signal was, the quicker change of contrast was; and it was more important to ascertain the best testing time when the biggest contrast occurred. And these were valuable to acquire more precise testing result.

NEGATIVE NUMBERS AND ANTIMATTER PARTICLES

Dirac's equation states that an electron implies the existence of an antielectron with the same mass (more generally same arithmetic properties) and opposite charge (more generally opposite algebraic properties). Subsequent observation of antielectron validated this concept. This statement can be extended to all matter particles; observation of antiproton, antineutron, antideuton … is in complete agreement with this view. Recently antihypertriton was observed and 38 atoms of antihydrogen were trapped. This opens the path for use in precise testing of nature's fundamental symmetries. The symmetric properties of a matter particle and its mirror antimatter particle seem to be well established. Interactions operate on matter particles and antimatter particles as well. Conservation of matter parallels addition operating on positive and negative numbers. Without antimatter particles, interactions of the Standard Model (electromagnetism, strong interaction and weak interaction) cannot have the structure of group. Antimatter particles are characterized by negative baryonic number A or/and negative leptonic number L. Materialization and annihilation obey conservation of A and L (associated to all known interactions), explaining why from pure energy (A = 0, L = 0) one can only obtain a pair of matter particle antimatter particle — electron antielectron, proton and antiproton — via materialization where the mass of a pair of particle antiparticle gives back to pure energy with annihilation. These two mechanisms cannot change the difference in the number of matter particles and antimatter particles. Thus from pure energy only a perfectly symmetric (in number) universe could be generated as proposed by Dirac but observation showed that our universe is not symmetric, it is a matter universe which is nevertheless neutral. Fall of reflection symmetries shattered the prejudice that there is no way to define in an absolute way right and left or matter and antimatter. Experimental observation of CP violation aroused a great hope for explaining why our universe is not exactly matter antimatter symmetric. Sakharov stated that without the violation of baryonic number, it is not possible to obtain from pure energy a universe made of only matter. The fact that our universe is asymmetric (in number) but perfectly neutral, points toward the existence of a hypothetic interaction violating A and L but conserving all charges. This Matter Creation (MC) interaction creating either a pair of matter particles or antimatter particles (instead of a pair of particle antiparticle) would have a charge BAL = (A-L) and a neutral messenger Z*. Even if CP is conserved, MC would allow the creation of a number of matter particles not exactly equal to the number of antimatter particles. Our universe would then correspond to the remaining excess when all matter antimatter pairs have disappeared. Observation of matter nonconservation processes would be of great interest to falsify this speculation. In a plan with A and L as axes, pure energy is represented by the origin (A = 0, L = 0). A symmetric universe is also represented by (A = 0, L = 0) meaning that there are exactly the same number of baryons and antibaryons, and the same number of leptons and antileptons. Our present matter universe is instead represented by a point of the diagonal with A = L = present A value. This value is tiny relative to the number of gammas resulting from the annihilation of matter–antimatter particles.

Lock-in Infrared Thermography for the Non-Destructive Testing of Fatigue Specimen with Defects

Lock-in infrared thermography method was gradually being used in fatigue studies because of its advantages such as real-time, quick-reaction, non-contact, non-destructive and so on. In this paper, non-destructive testing was applied to fatigue specimen with defects, based on lock-in infrared thermography. In parallel, the result was analyzed by using lock-in infrared thermography system developed by Cedip in French. The results show that more information of internal detects can be found from phase image than that from amplitude image. The experiment procedure indicated that a proper testing frequency was the key to the non-destructive testing. The data revealed that deeper depth and larger area of defect led to a precise testing result.

High-Accuracy Intelligent Complex System by Using Electronic Parallel Datum

The method of electronic parallel datum is to calculate by a stereo angle between the two beams of light with inclination simulating parameters of an object and successfully replace the 6-DOF mechanical datum of the work piece by being pre-set in the work piece and system. This technique called electronic parallel datum method has high precision for the adoption of Scan & Micro-Staggered method; furthermore, the intelligent direct reading of 6-DOF mechanical datum and parameter storage function of the technique can greatly improve the performance of the system and at the same time offer the process control method and can be used for micro-fabrication and Micro-Manufacturing and general industrial (In particular, it can be used for Ultra precision manufacturing environment, because the diameter of the laser beam can reach 100 nm and ion beam diameter even reached the limit precision of 2nm, and optical emission types, including the ion beam, Universal laser beam and general light beam, which mainly use receiver spacing of nano-array CCD sensors). It is widely used in the intelligent control process and system such as installation and adjustment, and undoubtedly, is to be adopted in many technical fields, general Manufacturing and all general work piece, precise testing process. With the method the system will become more precise, run faster and cost less.

Dissecting the Opaque-2 regulatory network using transcriptome and proteome approaches along with enzyme activity measurements

The Opaque-2 (O2) gene encodes a transcriptional activator specifically expressed for grain development of maize. o2 mutants have an opaque and chalky kernel, with a decrease in zein storage protein content, and an increase in the proportions of lysine and tryptophan. In this review, we present recent results investigating genetic properties of the O2 network, using transcriptome and proteome approaches, associated with measurements of activities of enzymes of the aspartate pathway and lysine degradation. The structural polymorphism at the O2 locus was investigated by RFLP in a collection of 51 maize inbred lines. Most polymorphic sites were found outside the coding regions. We then searched for relationships between RFLP polymorphism and (i) mRNA abundance of O2 and of known or suspected target genes, (ii) activity of SDH and (iii) amount of zein isoforms. Polymorphic restriction sites in the 5' upstream regions of the O2 gene were found associated with O2 mRNA abundance (three sites) and the amount of two 19 kDa alpha-zein isoforms (two sites). One restriction site on the 3' side of the O2 gene was found associated with Lor/Sdh mRNA abundance. Our results indicate relationships between polymorphism at the O2 locus and the expression of some of its target genes. Evidence of these associations has to be confirmed on larger samples, and the analysis of the O2 gene sequence should allow more precise testing of the actual involvement of O2 polymorphism in its own transcriptional expression, and in the expression of its target genes.