Особенности структуры германия, обработанного в планетарной мельнице

In this work high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies of germanium powder obtained as a result of processing in a planetary mill in the presence of (5-25%) of diamond powder have been performed. As a result of processing sample contains twins on {111} plane and packaging defects in germanium. Phase 9R was detected in which the following sequence of layers takes place: ...BABCBCACA... In some particles, there was a partial or complete phase transition of GeI → GeIV and GeI → GeIII.

Development of a warming multi-functional fabric Part I: The analytic hierarchy process combined with the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution for the optimization of the multi-quality melt spinning parameters in far-infrared functional yarn

This series study develops a multi-functional yarn with far-infrared emission, heating, and antistatic properties for winter clothing. In Part I, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used as the polymer matrix, and nano germanium powder is uniformly mixed with PET by the melt blending process for modification, in order that the PET composite has far-infrared function. Afterwards, the modified PET is made into 75d/72f fully drawn yarn (FDY) by melt spinning and melt drafting. The properties of the yarn, including tensile strength, elongation at break, yarn count (in denier), far-infrared emissivity, and far-infrared heating are discussed. In order to optimize the quality of yarn in the melt spinning process, this study designs process parameters consisting of germanium powder addition, melt temperature, mold temperature, nozzle temperature, gear pump speed, and take-up speed using the Taguchi method. Then, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to obtain the weights of each quality, which will be used in the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) to obtain the optimal processing parameters for multi-quality yarn. The results show that the tensile strength of the optimized modification PET yarn is 4.84 g/d, the elongation at break is 41.26%, yarn count is 74.39d/72f, the far-infrared emissivity is 89% and the far-infrared heating is 6.3℃. The properties of the optimized modified yarn are obviously better than general PET yarn.

New Chalcogenogermanates with Adamantane Type Complex Anions: Preparation and Crystal Structures of K4Ge4S10; Rb4Ge4S10, Rb4Ge4Se10, and Cs4Ge4Se10

The title compounds were obtained by reacting stoichiometric quantities of the corresponding dialkalimonochalcogenide, germanium powder and chalcogen at 1073 K. The four compounds are isostructural, crystallizing in space group C2/c, Z = 4 with K4Ge4S10: a = 15.161(3), b = 15.198(2), c = 8.760(2) Å, ß = 105.36(3)°, Rb4Ge4S10: a = 15.282(7), b = 15.341(7), c = 9.061(4) Å , ß = 106.10(3)°; Rb4Ge4Se10: a = 16.095(9), b = 16.09(1), c = 9.390(7) Å , ß = 105.79(2)° and Cs4Ge4Se10: a = 16.348(9), b = 16.49(1), c = 9.771(3) Å, ß = 107.10(3)°. Their crystal structures were solved and refined from single crystal diffractometer data (MoKα radiation) obtained at 294 K. They are characterized by the formation of discrete adamantanelike complex anions [Ge4Q10]4- which are arranged in slabs parallel to (010). Mean Ge-S bond lengths are 2.202 A for K4Ge4S10 and 2.186 Å for Rb4Ge4S10 while the mean Ge-Se bond length in both selenides amounts to 2.332(3) Å. Terminal and bridging Ge-Q bonds differ by at least 0.1 Å. The atomic arrangement corresponds to that of Tl4Ge4S10.

Neue oder verbesserte Synthesen für Germa- und Germa-sila-alkane und ihre chlorierten Vorstufen / New or Improved Syntheses for Germa- and Germa-sila-alkanes and their Chlorinated Precursors

Reaction of germanium powder and Cl3SiCH2Cl at 350 °C yields the l-germa-3-silapropane Cl3SiCH2GeCl3, and (Cl3SiCH2)2GeCl2, in a “Direct Synthesis”. Cl3GeCH2CH2GeCl3 is obtained from HGeCl3 and C2H2 as a “Hydrogermylation” product. Addition of CH2=CHSiCl3 to HGeCl3 yields the 1-germa-4-silabutane Cl3SiCH,CH2GeCl3, and Cl3GeCH2C(GeCl3)=CH2 is obtained similarly from ClCH2C=CH and HGeCl3-NEt3. These Chlorogermanes or -germanes/silanes are converted into the corresponding germanes (silanes) by treatment with LiAlH4 in tetralin as a solvent in the presence of triethyl(benzyl)ammonium chloride. The products are isolated in high yields and identified by standard analytical techniques, including 73Ge NMR spectroscopy. Owing to their high volatility they are potential feed-stock gases for CVD experiments to generate a-GeC:H or a-Ge,Si,C:H materials.

The melting point depression of tin in mechanically milled tin and germanium powder mixtures

A melting point depression, δTM, has been observed for Sn in Ge/Sn (50 at.% Sn) dispersions which were prepared by mechanical milling of Ge and Sn powders. Sn and Ge are immiscible and form a fine dispersion of the pure components when milled in a high energy ball mill. The magnitude of δTM, as measured by DSC, increases with milling time, i.e., with refinement of the dispersion. Melting is observed to begin as low as 36 °C below the equilibrium bulk melting temperature. The magnitude of δTM is reduced by about 25% after melting the Sn. Subsequent remelts do not change δTM further. Impurities cannot account for δTM. While stored energy of cold work may contribute to 25% of δTM before Sn is melted, it is concluded that the major contribution to δTM comes from the nucleation of disorder/melting at the Ge/Sn interfaces.

Zur direkten Synthese von Organobromgermanen aus Methylenbromid und Germanium/Kupfer-Gemischen/Direct Synthesis of Organobromogermanes from Methylenebromide and Germanium/Copper Mixtures

A lkylbrom ogerm anes, Synthesis, C V D Feeding G as, G erm anium /Copper Mixtures From the copper-catalyzed reaction o f germanium powder with dibrom om ethane at 310 °C a mixture o f alkylbrom ogermanes is obtained. The major products are CH 3G eB r3, Br3G eC H 2Br

1,3-Digermapropan und 1,3,5-Trigermacyclohexan / 1,3-Digermapropane and 1,3,5-Trigermacyclohexane

From the copper-catalyzed reaction of germanium powder with dichloromethane at 350 °C a mixture of alkylchlorogermanes is obtained, in which CH3GeCl3, CH2(GeCl3)2 (1) and (Cl2GeCH2)3 (2) are the major products. Treatment of 1 and 2 with LiAlH4 in di-n-butyl or diethylether, resp., affords the hydrides CH2(GeH3)2 (3) and cyclic (H2GeCH2)3 (4), the latter along with the heterocycle H2Ge(CH2GeH2)2 (5). Compounds 3-5 have been identified by analytical and spectroscopic data, and the crystal structure of 4 has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pmn21, with two molecules in the unit cell (a = 8.663(1), b = 7.783(1), c = 6.124(1) Å). The molecules, which are in a chair conformation, have crystallographic mirror symmetry with bond angles slightly larger than tetrahedral and Ge-C distances of 1.944(6), 1.953(3) and 1.955(4) Å. The compounds show potential as substrates for plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PE-CVD) of amorphous germanium carbon alloys (a-Ge, C:H).