Entomologists – the Austro-Hungarian army prisoners of World War I in Siberia and the Russian Far East

The participation of European entomologists from among the Austro- Hungarian army prisoners of World War I in the research of the Siberian and Amur entomofauna is considered. Despite the fact that they were doing this in conditions of lack of freedom, their mass collection yielded appreciable results. The biographical information about Karl Ferdinand Mandl (1891– 1989), Stepan Jurechek (1877–1940), Hermann Frib (1877–1947), Josef Michel (1890–1963) and Alfred Biener (1892(?)–1954), which are known from publications of entomologists processed their collections or materials, is given. Some little-known events from the activities in the South Ussuriysk branch of the Amur department of the Russian Geographical Society in Nikolsk-Ussuriysk, and in the life of Evgenia Nikolaevna Klobukova-Alisova (1889–1962) and Alexei Ivanovich Kurentsov (1896–1975) are described. The translation of memories on this time by A. Biener is included in the Appendix.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the instruments of state regulation of industrial fruit growing

The characteristic of the arising imbalances in the organization of reproductive processes in industrial fruit growing is given. The main existing instruments of state regulation of the development of the horticulture industry are considered and an assessment of their sufficiency is given. Additional instruments of state regulation of industrial fruit growing are proposed, aimed at leveling functional imbalances in the organization of reproduction processes and at increasing the efficiency of industrial production; improving the pricing system for products sold; the use of non-tariff regulation measures providing for the establishment of seasonal quotas for the period of mass collection and sale of domestically produced fruit products.

MEDICAL CONFIDENTIALITY DISCLOSURE IN CONDITIONS OF EPIDEMIC THREATS

The aim: To establish public opinion on the limits of medical confidentiality in an epidemic and the widespread use of applications that contain personal data, including those regarding health, to understand the possibility of changing the paradigm of public policy to protect medical confidentiality in an exacerbation of the epidemic situation. Materials and methods: This research is based on regulatory acts, scientific articles, and opinions of both medical workers and ordinary citizens of Poland, Germany, and Ukraine, judicial practice, doctrinal ideas, and views on this issue. Such methods as dialectical, comparative, analytic, synthetic, comprehensive, statistical, and generalization. Results: the results of a survey of residents of Poland, Germany, and Ukraine showed that one of the pandemic consequences was that a significant number of respondents were willing to partially renounce the right to medical confidentiality in the face of exacerbating epidemic threats to reduce the number of infected. Conclusions: In the face of the SARS-Cov-2 virus, nations worldwide have faced the challenge of respecting the right to privacy, particularly in terms of medical confidentiality. Virtual methods of patient communication with healthcare professionals use mobile electronic services (applications), and other new technologies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated the issue of understanding the boundaries of medical confidentiality and personal data protection. In order to maintain an effective balance between human rights and public health, the mass collection and storage of sensitive personal data must take place following the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. At the same time, it is expedient to recommend states to specify specific provisions of this Regulation in order to avoid an expanded interpretation of certain of its provisions.

Optimization of Nodule and Height Sizes for Mixed Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces

Patterned surfaces of hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials are considered to sustain dropwise condensation, providing the benefits of both materials and creating a surface with a low energy barrier for nucleation and capable of sustaining dropwise condensation. Surface heights, nodule sizes, and flow rates are evaluated on square-patterned surfaces to maximize mass collection. A thermal model is used to assess surface performance and includes an equivalent thermal resistance for diffusion. Flow rates of 15, 25, 50, and 100 m/s with nodule sizes between 0.1 mm to 3.6 mm are evaluated. Surface heights of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 m are also assessed. For flow rates greater than 50 m/s, turbulent flow optimum nodule size is between 0.2 mm and 0.6 mm. Surfaces greater than 1 m in height at flow rates less than 50 m/s maximize mass with nodule sizes of 1.4 mm and 2 mm.

Optimization of Mixed Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces Under Laminar Flow Conditions

When condensation first forms on a surface, it starts as tiny droplets. As the surface continues to collect condensation, the droplets grow together and form a film. The film increases the thermal resistance of the system. It is possible to remove the fluid from the condensing surface before it develops into a film. Dropwise condensation has the capability of providing up to an order of magnitude higher heat transfer than film condensation. A hydrophobic surface is capable of sustaining dropwise condensation but creates a high energy barrier that restricts nucleation. A hydrophilic surface has a low energy barrier for nucleation but retains the water quickly transitioning to film condensation. A hydrophilic and hydrophobic patterned surface creates a surface with a low nucleation energy barrier and is capable of sustaining dropwise condensation. Surface patterns are evaluated under laminar flow conditions to maximize mass collection. The surfaces are evaluated using a thermal model, which includes an equivalent thermal resistance for diffusion. Laminar flow rates are evaluated using Reynolds numbers from 1,218 to 4 × 105. Hydrophilic nodules sizes are evaluated from 0.1 mm to 3.7 mm. Under natural convection flow, mass collection can be increased by 20% with respect to film heat transfer.

Assessing the implications of digital contact tracing for COVID-19 for human rights and the rule of law in South Africa

The article argues that the establishment of centralised and aggregated databases and applications enabling mass digital surveillance, despite their public health merits in the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic, is likely to lead to the erosion of South Africa's constitutional human rights, including rights to equality, privacy, human dignity, as well as freedom of speech, association and movement, and security of the person. While derogation clauses have been invoked, thereby limiting International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights clauses and enabling the mass collection of location data only for contact tracing purposes under the Disaster Management Act, a sustained breach of these rights may pose an impending threat to the human rights framework in South Africa. Any proposed digital contact tracing technologies in their design, development and adoption must pass the firm legal muster and adhere to human rights prescripts relating to user-centric transparency and confidentiality, personal information, data privacy and protection that have recently been enacted through the latest development on Protection of Personal Information Act.