Wireless Torque and Power Transfer Using Multiple Coils with LCC-S Topology for Implantable Medical Drug Pump

In this paper, we propose a method of wirelessly torque transfer (WTT) and power (WPT) to a drug pump, one of implantable medical devices. By using the magnetic field generated by the WPT system to transfer torque and power to the receiving coil at the same time, applications that previously used power from the battery can be operated without a battery. The proposed method uses a receiving coil with magnetic material as a motor, and can generate torque in a desired direction using the magnetic field from the transmitting coil. The WPT system was analyzed using a topology that generates a constant current for stable torque generation. In addition, a method for detecting the position of the receiving coil without using additional power was proposed. Through simulations and experiments, it was confirmed that WTT and WPT were possible at the same time, and in particular, it was confirmed that WTT was stably possible.

Mitochondrial Breast Cancer Resistant Protein Sustains the Proliferation and Survival of Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family are major contributors to the drug resistance establishment of breast cancer cells. Breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP), one of the ABC transporters, has long been recognized as a pump that effluxes the therapeutic drugs against the concentration gradient. However, recent studies suggest that the biological function of BCRP is not limited in its drug pump activity. Herein, the role of BCRP in the proliferation and survival of drug-resistant breast cancer cells was investigated. We found that BCRP is not the major drug pump to efflux epirubicin in the resistant cells that express multiple ABC transporters. Silencing of BCRP significantly impairs cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of the resistant cells in vitro and in vivo. RNA-sequencing and high-throughput proteomics suggest that BCRP is an inhibitory factor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Further research suggests that BCRP is localized in the mitochondria of the resistant cells. Knockdown of BCRP elevated the intracellular reactive oxygen species level and eventually promotes the cell to undergo apoptosis. This study demonstrated that BCRP exerts important onco-promoting functions in the drug-resistant breast cancer cells independent of its well-recognized drug efflux activity, which shed new light on understanding the complex functional role of ABC transporters in drug-resistant cells.

Molecular Insight into Stereoselective ADME Characteristics of C20-24 Epimeric Epoxides of Protopanaxadiol by Docking Analysis

Chirality is a common phenomenon, and it is meaningful to explore interactions between stereoselective bio-macromolecules and chiral small molecules with preclinical and clinical significance. Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides are main effective ingredients in ginseng and are prone to biotransformation into a pair of ocotillol C20-24 epoxide epimers, namely, (20S,24S)-epoxy-dammarane-3,12,25-triol (24S-PDQ) and (20S,24R)-epoxy dammarane-3,12,25-triol (24R-PDQ) that display stereoselective fate in vivo. However, possible molecular mechanisms involved are still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate stereoselective ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) characteristics of PDQ epimers based on molecular docking analysis of their interaction with some vital proteins responsible for drug disposal. Homology modeling was performed to obtain 3D-structure of the human isoenzyme UGT1A8, while calculation of docking score and binding free energy and ligand–protein interaction pattern analysis were achieved by using the Schrödinger package. Stereoselective interaction was found for both UGT1A8 and CYP3A4, demonstrating that 24S-PDQ was more susceptible to glucuronidation, whereas 24R-PDQ was more prone to oxidation catalyzed by CYP3A4. However, both epimers displayed similarly strong interaction with P-gp, a protein with energy-dependent drug-pump function, suggesting an effect of the dammarane skeleton but not C-24 stereo-configuration. These findings provide an insight into stereo-selectivity of ginsenosides, as well as a support the rational development of ginseng products.

Effectiveness Dose of Ketamine for Control of Shivering During Spinal Anesthesia in Surgeries

Introduction: Considering that spinal anesthesia is a safe method of anesthesia for surgery, but about 40 to 60 percent of patients are experiencing tremor. For patients undergoing new methods of spinal anesthesia, shivering is very undesirable and from the physiological aspect is very stressful, mild tremor increases the oxygen consumption like a light physical activity and judder increases the metabolic rate and oxygen consumption up to 600%. This case causes a reduction in the amount of arterial oxygen, metabolic acidosis. Ketamine is a safe drug, in recent study determines of Effectiveness dose of ketamine for control of shivering during spinal anesthesia in surgeries. Methods and materials: This is a randomized double-blind study, that the statistical population was patients that were candidates for general surgery, that were referred to hospitals of University of Medical Sciences for treatment . The patient’s undergone surgery with spinal anesthesia with number 1, 2 and 3 anesthetic Class based on anesthesiologist detection. From 355 patients that were randomly selected, 175 people were selected for experimenting group with ketamine injection with drug pump of 0.2 mg/kg and 180 people were selected for the placebo control group (distilled water) of the Pasteur pharmaceutical company with a drug pump of 0.2 mg/ kg. Discussion: Ketamine infusion at in spinal anesthesia can reduce the amount of shivering during the surgery and can be an effective choice in the field of surgery. Conclusion: The shivering in the experimenting group was lower than the control group and was statistically significant. Tremor intensity in the experimental group was lower than the control group in all three measures (1, 2 and 3), which was also significant for comparing the linear regression, relative risk(RR) was 18in two groups according to the normal distribution of the data, in the age group between 30 to 45 years the minimum range of tremor was observed and in the age group that were younger than 30 years range of tremor was observed. Most people were in the age group of 40-30 years (60%) with orthopedic surgery