Generalization of Tools for Internalization of Negative Externalities in the European Union: Conclusions for Ukraine

A comparative analysis of the tools of internalization of negative external. Based on the generalization and assessment of the possibilities of using the tools of internalization of negative externalities, the areas of application, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of direct regulation, economic (market) and institutional tools are identified. The tools of direct regulation are characterized, and it is found that they do not minimize economic costs and have high administrative costs. The economic (market) instruments of regulation are analyzed and it is revealed that in European practice such instruments as trade in permits (market instrument) and emission charges (Pig tax) are widely used. Institutional regulatory tools such as disclosure strategies and voluntary initiatives are considered and analyzed. It is substantiated that there is no universal tool that would provide full internalization of negative externalities. It is revealed that in modern conditions, the most successful solution will be the development and improvement of tools of direct state regulation of negative externalities in combination with economic (market) instruments, because both economic and market instruments can work effectively and purposefully only if environmental standards are established and observed. environmental quality. The characteristic of application of tools of internalization of negative external effects on an example of slag dumps is given.

Will Border Carbon Adjustments Work?

The potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) restrictions in some nations to increased emissions in other nations, or leakage, is a contentious issue in climate change negotiations. We evaluate the impact of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) outlined in the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (H.R. 2454), using an economy-wide model. For 2025, we find that BCAs reduce leakage by up to two-thirds, but result in only modest reductions in global emissions and significantly reduce welfare. In contrast, BCA-equivalent leakage reductions can be achieved by very small emission charges or efficiency improvements in nations targeted by BCAs, which have negligible welfare effects. We conclude that BCAs are a costly method to reduce leakage, but may be an effective coercion strategy.

The methods of synthetic assessment of emissions from combustion engines

The paper discusses the possibilities of a synthetic assessment of a harmful impact of combustion engine emissions on humans and their natural environment. The ways of air quality evaluations have been analyzed. The authors analyzed the relations of emission charges for combustion engines as per the proposal of the directive of the European Parliament and the European Council in line with the Announcement of the Minister of Environment. A synthetic assessment of the emissions from combustion engines has been proposed. The method of emission assessment was used for the research on the ecological properties of a classic EURO IV diesel engine and a diesel engine fuelled with E95 bioethanol fuel.

Economic Prescriptions for Environmental Problems: How the Patient Followed the Doctor's Orders

In this paper, I consider two tools which have received widespread support from the economics community: marketable permits and emission charges. Until the 1960s, these tools only existed on blackboards and in academic journals, as products of the fertile imaginations of academics. However, some countries have recently begun to explore using these tools as part of a broader strategy for managing environmental problems. This paper chronicles the experience with both marketable permits and emissions charges. It also provides a selective analysis of a variety of applications in Europe and the United States and shows how the actual use of these tools tends to depart from the role which economists have conceived for them.