Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Kemuning (Murraya Paniculata) Against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL by In Vitro Test

Klebsiella pneumoniae Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was one of the microorganism that cause nosocomial infection which resistant to beta-lactams antibiotics. Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata) was traditional medicine which believed has antibacterial components, such as: fl avonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. In the previous studies, there was antibacterial activity in ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata againsts E.coli, K.pneumoniae, S.typhi, E.faecalis, P.aeruginosa, S.fl exneri, S.aureus, and S.sonneii with concentration 200 mg/ mL. There has not experiment about ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL yet. The aim of this study was to fi nd out the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Murraya Paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Broth dilution method with concentration 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL, 6,25 mg/mL, and 3,125 mg/mL were used for the determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). While the Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) was assessed using streaking method in Nutrient Agar Plate. The highest concentration in this study was obtained from 100 g of Murraya paniculata leaves dissolved in 500 mL of 40% ethanol. The study was carried out 4 times replication. At the time of the sterility test extract, germ growth appeared on Nutrient Agar Plate media, so the extract was fi ltered before being used for research. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours, growth of bacterial colonies on all agar plates was observed. The concentration of the ethanol extract of Murraya Paniculata (200 mg/mL) did not inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. The ethanol extracts of Murraya paniculata in concentration 200 mg/mL had no antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL.

Daya Hambat Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmanni) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Kultur Darah Widal Positif Anggota Familia Enterobacteriaceae

Cinnamon has a high activity of antibacterial. Still, the antibacterial effect toward the bacteria on the positive Widal blood culture of Enterobacteriaceae family members was not clear yet. This research aimed to find out the inhibition of cinnamon on the growth of bacterium on the positive Widal blood culture of Enterobacteriaceae family members. The method used in the research was experimental research which was using the draw well method and using Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae bacteria samples. Cinnamon as a test solution with a 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% concentrate. The research result was showed the inhibiting zone was able to form on the Nutrient Agar Plate (NAP) on growth of the Enterobacteriaceae, 10% concentrate that high sensitive showed to S. typhi, Ser. marcescens, E. cloacae, E.coli, and Kleb. pneumonia squent was 12 mm, 11 mm, 11 mm, 10 mm, and 8,5 mm. At the same time, 8%, 6%, 4%, and 2% concentrate of cinnamon could not perform inhibition zone 100 µl of the test solution with chloramphenicol as a positive control.

Comparison of Aloe vera leaves ethanol extract effect against Escherichia coli ESBL and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL

Abstrak. Aloe vera merupakan tanaman herbal yang mengandung beberapa zat aktif yang telah terbukti mempunyai efek antibakteri untuk berbagai macam bakteri. Dapat ditemukan banyak infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri gram negatif. Beberapa bakteri gram negatif ini memproduksi enzim β lactamase mutan, yang diketahui sebagai Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL). Bakteri ESBL resisten terhadap beberapa macam antibiotik dalam golongan beta laktam, hal ini menjadi salah satu permasalahan utama di rumah sakit. Berdasarkan latar belakang yang ada, tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk membandingkan efek antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol daun lidah buaya terhadap Escherichia coli ESBL dan Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. Studi ini merupakan eksperimental laboratorium. Konsentrasi Hambat Minimal (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimal (KBM) ditentukan dengan metode dilusi. Konsentrasi yang digunakan pada penentuan KHM untuk kedua bakteri adalah 90%; 80%; 70%; 60%; 50%; 40%; 30%; dan 20%. Penentuan KBM dilakukan dengan cara penanaman suspensi dari muller hinton broth pada nutrient agar plate. Hasil yang didapatkan dianalisis menggunakan metode deskripsi. KHM untuk kedua bakteri ditemukan pada konsentrasi yang sama yaitu 80% (8 g ml-1). KBM untuk kedua bakteri juga ditemukan pada konsentrasi yang sama yaitu 80% (8 g ml-1). Penentuan KHM dan KBM dilakukan sebanyak 10 kali replikasi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ektrak etanol daun lidah buaya tidak mempunyai efektivitas yang berbeda terhadap Escherichia coli ESBL dan Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. Kata kunci: Escherichia coli ESBL - Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL - Ekstrak etanol daun lidah buaya- antibakteri - dilusi Abstract. Aloe vera is a herbal which has some active substances that have been proven for its antibacterial effect for some bacterias. There are many infections caused by gram negative bacterias. Some of gram negative bacterias produce mutant β lactamase enzyme, that known as Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL). ESBL bacteria are resistant to some antibiotics in beta lactam class and become one of main problem in hospital. Based on this background, the aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of aloe vera leaves ethanol extract between Escherichia coli ESBL and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. This study was a lab experimental. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values were determined by dilution method. The concentration used in MIC determination for both bacteria is 90%; 80%; 70%; 60%; 50%; 40%; 30%; and 20%. The MBC values were determined by suspension streaking from muller hinton broth on nutrient agar plate. The result is analyzed with description method. The MIC value for Escherichia coli ESBL and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL is found in the same concentration which is 80% (8 g ml-1). The MBC values for Escherichia coli ESBL and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL also found in the same concentration 80% (8 g ml-1). MIC and MBC values have been proved in the first until tenth replications. Thus, aloe vera leaves ethanol extract has no different effectiveness against Escherichia coli ESBL and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. Keywords: Escherichia coli ESBL - Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL - Aloe vera leaves - antibacterial - dilution method

Formulation-Development and Evaluation of Polysorbate-Phospholipid Mixed Micelles of Piperine Loaded with Azithromycin

The overall goal of this paper was to develop polysorbate-phospholipid micelles of piperine loaded with azithromycin, and to study the effect and mechanisms enhancing the oral bioavailability of piperine and also to inhibit the bacterial growth. For the preparation of polysorbate-phospholipid-piperine mixed micelles loaded with a drug, polysorbate and phospholipid were optimized. Polysorbate concentration at 5.5% w/v showed the maximum solubility of piperine which was just similar to 5.0% w/v CMC value so, from such studies, it was confirmed that optimum concentration of polysorbate 80 required for maximum solubilization of piperine was 5.5% w/v. The maximum CMC of polysorbate 80 and phospholipid was found in batch F3 i.e. 62.4414 and 83.1122, respectively. Based on the optimization of phospholipid and polysorbate 80, three final batches were selected as the best batch i.e. F2, F3, and F4 (1:10:4, 1:15:4 and 1:20:4, respectively) for final formulation. In the formulation, maximum solubility was found in batch F3 i.e. 11.3057 mg/ml. The size of the nanoformulations was found to be 0.3396 r.nm by using zeta analyzer. The drug release was determined in 0.1 N HCl at 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min. Further, 7.4 pH phosphate was added and release was determined at 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min. It was noted that formulation F3 has maximum drug content and F1 was found as maximum entrapment efficiency. The maximum drug release was found in the formulation F3. The approach of using phospholipid nanoformulations loaded with azithromycin showed antibacterial activity in the nutrient agar plate. These formulations prevent the visual growth of bacteria. It was shown that the maximum zone of inhibition was found at the concentration of 100mg/ml. The MIC endpoint at the lowest concentration of formulation at which there is minimum visual growth around the dice was found to be 50 mg/ml.