Instytucja osobowości prawnej w okresie PRL jako narzędzie ograniczania autonomii jednostek przez państwo autorytarne

The purpose of this paper was to analyze how the regulation of legal personality by positive law affected the rights and freedoms of individuals in the period of the Polish People’s Republic. The possession of legal personality leads to the empowerment of an organization and facilitates it by pooling resources to achieve a certain goal. Having legal personality also gives an entity a certain autonomy vis-à-vis other entities, including its members and the state. The analysis has shown that in the period of the Polish People’s Republic, positive law was deliberately used to limit the possibility of creating entities with their own legal personality. The formal concept of a legal person was used instrumentally as a tool to impede the possibility of building an organization outside state control. It also led to a structurally incorrect and practically questionable recognition of the judicial capacity of entities that did not have legal personality. In addition, using the concept of an economic unit in the area of economy, a functional criterion was adopted to determine the participants of economic turnover, which also broke with the traditionally adopted in this respect approach based on legal personality. This led some of the representatives of civil law doctrine at that time to consider the institution of legal personality as useless, which testified to the fact that the legal environment and the applied mechanisms typical of an authoritarian state suppressed any autonomy and independence of interest underlying a separate legal personality.

Assessment of the shovel-truck system operation quality at open-pit mines in Kuzbass

Assessment of the shovel-truck system (STS) operation quality is based on the well-known method of non-expert assessment of the quality of mining machines. The methodology is based on the fundamental principles of qualimetry and allows making the assessment of functionally homogeneous machines of different sizes, types and designs based on the functional criterion of the machine, which determines its main purpose. In this work, the quality assessment is made not for a single machine, but for a set of machines, taking into account their interaction. Assessment of the STS operation quality allows us to create a basis for the selection of priority areas for its improvement. The work uses methods of mathematical modeling, data collection and processing, statistics, analysis and synthesis. A comprehensive quality assessment makes it possible to predict the level and select priority areas for improving existing STSs or STSs being projected.

On domestic animals in Russian and French phraseology

The aim of this article is to compare French and Russian phraseological units including the names of domestic ani-mals (кошка/ chat, собака/ chien, лошадь/ cheval, корова/ vache, свя/ cochon, коза /chèvre, баран/ mouton) which are discussed according to structural, functional and semantic criteria proposed by A.G. Nazarian. According to the structural criterion, phraseological units include: a) non-predicative (жирный как свинья/ gras comme un cochon; ме-тать бисер перед свиньями/ jeter des perles aux cochons), b) partially predicative (cheval qui n’a ni bouche ni éperon) and с) predicative (le chat parti [absent, quand le chat n’est pas là, quand le chat dort], les souris dansent). Idioms (manger de la vache enragée) and unique phraseological units (appeler un chat un chat) are distinguished according to semantic classification. According to the functional criterion, phraseological units are divided into communicative (да-реному коню в зубы не смотрят/ à cheval donné on ne regarde pas la bouche) and non-communicative (конек, глав-ный козырь/ cheval de bataille), including nominative and infinitive units. Comparing Russian and French phraseolog-ical units we can observe the following relations: coincidence of the plan of content and the image (играть как кошка с мышью/ jouer avec sa victime comme un chat avec une souris), coincidence of the plan of content and different im-ages ( не иметь ни кола, ни двора/ n’avoir ni cheval ni mule), difference of the plan of content and of images, but the presence of domestic animal’s name (кошки скребут на душе, avoir un chat dans la gorge). Phraseological units can сontain metaphor, продать (купить) кота в мешке/ vendre (acheter) chat en poche metonymy (Троянский конь/ cheval de Troie), comparison (amoureuse comme une chatte).

Las locuciones adjetivo-adverbiales en francés y en español, ¿problema fraseológico o lexicográfico?

En el ámbito hispánico y francófono, se ha priorizado el estudio de las locuciones organizadas mediante un criterio sintáctico-funcional. Sin embargo, este criterio, en ocasiones, carece de fiabilidad, ya que ciertas unidades presentan la posibilidad de oscilación entre dos categorías gramaticales. Es el caso, entre otros, de ciertas locuciones con estructura de sintagma preposicional (en cruz, a ciegas, por defecto, de por vida, etc.), caracterizadas por una dualidad sintáctica que las lleva a comportarse como locuciones adjetivas o adverbiales. De este modo, nos planteamos si se trataría de locuciones que prototípicamente pertenecen a la categoría de adverbio o de adjetivo y que, eventualmente funcionarían como otra o, por el contratio, la creación de una clase locucional híbrida (adjetivo-adverbiales) es necesaria. Nos preguntamos también si la acuñación de esta nueva subclase de locuciones sería pertinente desde una perspectiva lexicográfica, en especial, bilingüe español-francés. In the Hispanic and Francophone sphere, researchers have prioritized the locutions studies using a syntactic-functional criterion. However, this criterion, sometimes, lacks reliability, because certain units present the possibility of oscillation between two grammatical categories. This is the case, among others, of certain locutions with a prepositional phrase structure (en cruz, a ciegas, por defecto, de por vida, etc.), characterized by a syntactic duality that leads them to behave as adjective or adverbial locution. In this way, we may reflect on whether these are locutions that prototypically belong to the category of adverb or adjective and that, eventually, would work like the other or, on the contrary, the creation of a hybrid locutionary class (adjective-adverbial) is necessary. We also consider if the coining of this new subclass of locutions would be pertinent from a lexicographical perspective, especially bilingual Spanish-French.

Assessment and prospects for improving the technical level of surface mining machines

Assessment of the technical level of surface mining machines is carried out according to a special method of expert-free assessment of min- ing machine quality, known as the G.I. Solod’s technique. The technique is based on the basic principles of qualimetry and allows to assess functional- ly homogeneous machines of different sizes, types and designs based on the functional criterion of the machine that determines its main purpose. Assessment of the technical level of mining machines creates the basis for choosing priority areas for its improvement and development of scientifi- cally-based methods for the optimal design of machines. In this regard, the aim of the work is a comprehensive assessment of the technical level of surface mining machines to increase it and optimize their parameters. For this, methods of mathematical modeling, statistics, data collection and pro- cessing, analysis and synthesis were used. The developed methodology for integrated assessment provides the ability to control the quality of a surface mining machine at all stages of its life cycle: design, manufacture, opera- tion.

Management Criteria and Principles, Applicable in Education and Scientific Research

In the article we present certain criteria and management principles applicable to education and scientific research, in order to optimize these two important areas. We thoroughly presented management criteria such as: the methodological criterion, the economic criterion, the social criterion, the informational criterion, the organizational criterion, the functional criterion. Among the management principles we analyzed there are: the principle of the command unit, the principle of decision-making and the principle of the balance between centralization and decentralization.

Our Everyday Aesthetic Evaluations of Architecture

I argue that our everyday evaluations of architecture are primarily evaluations of spaces and, in particular, of their inhabitability— that is, whether they serve or can serve to the realization of our individual ideal of life. Inhabitability is not only a functional criterion but an aesthetic one as well. It is aesthetic insofar as the evaluations about inhabitability include evaluations about the quality of the experience of actually doing something in —or simply occupying—a particular space. This aesthetic aspect of our everyday evaluations explains, on one hand, the distinctive features of our everyday preferences for some architectonic spaces over others—namely, (a) their very personal nature; (b) their noticeable value in our daily lives; (c) their inseparability from the activities we plan to realize in those spaces; and (d) the importance of the spaces which are contiguous to the one we are evaluating. And on the other, it both reveals architecture’s significance for the quality of our daily life and serves as a guide for us to choose spaces that improve that quality.

Cognition

Chapter 4 explores the epistemic role of consciousness in cognition. Section 4.1 argues that all beliefs provide epistemic justification for other beliefs. Section 4.2 contrasts beliefs with subdoxastic states, which provide no epistemic justification for belief. Section 4.3 argues that this epistemic distinction between beliefs and subdoxastic states cannot be explained in terms of the functional criterion of inferential integration. Section 4.4 argues that this epistemic distinction must be explained in terms of the phenomenal criterion of conscious accessibility: the contents of beliefs are accessible to consciousness as the contents of conscious judgments. Section 4.5 argues that conscious judgments have phenomenal contents that supervene on their phenomenal character. Section 4.6 concludes with some proleptic remarks to explain why beliefs can provide epistemic justification for other beliefs only if their contents are accessible to consciousness.