Total water intake and its contributors in infants and young children

Hydration is a particular concern for infants and young children due to their greater risk of dehydration. However, studies on their water intakes are scarce. The current survey aimed to analyze total water intake (TWI) in non-breastfed children aged 0.5-35 months compared to the adequate intake (AI) for the same age group set by the EFSA and to examine the different contributors to TWI as well as beverage consumption patterns. Nationally representative data from the Nutri-Bébé cross-sectional survey were used to assess food, beverage, and plain water consumption by age group over three non-consecutive days. With age, median TWI in 1,035 children increased from 732 to 1010 mL/d, without differences between sex, but with a great inter-individual variation, and the percentage of children who did not meet the AI increased from 10% to 88%. Median weight-related TWI decreased from 136.6 to 69.0 mL/kg/d. Among infants, 90% had a ratio of water/energy below the AI, similarly for about 75% of toddlers. Milk and milk products were the main contributors to TWI, while the part of plain water increased gradually to be 25% in the older toddlers, half of which was tap water. The beverage consumption pattern varied in types and timing, with little consumption of juices and sweetened beverages. Vegetables and fruits accounted for 20% of TWI after the age of 6 months. These initial results, showing strong discrepancies between actual and recommended water intakes in young children, should help identify ways to increase children’s water consumption.

Validity and Reliability of a Water Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Daily Total Water Intake in Adults

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the validity and reliability of a seven-day water frequency questionnaire (TWI-FQ) to estimate daily total water intake (TWI) in comparison to a water turnover objective reference value via deuterium oxide (D2O). Data collection occurred over 3 weeks, with a wash-out period during week two. Healthy adults (n = 98; 52% female; 41 ± 14 y; BMI, 26.4 ± 5.5 kg·m−2) retrospectively self-reported consumption frequencies of 17 liquids and 35 foods with specified volumes/amounts for weeks one and three via TWI-FQ. Standard water content values were utilized to determine the volume of water consumed from each liquid and food for calculation of mean daily TWI for each week. Diet records were completed daily during week two to estimate metabolic water production. To assess validity of the TWI-FQ, participants consumed D2O at the start of each week and provided urine samples immediately before ingestion, the following day, and at the end of the week to calculate water turnover. Metabolic water was subtracted from water turnover to estimate TWI. TWI-FQ validity was assessed via Bland-Altman plot for multiple observations. Reliability was assessed via intraclass correlation and Pearson's correlation between weeks. TWI-FQ significantly underestimated D2O TWI by −350 ± 1,431 mL·d−1 (95% confidence interval (CI): −551, −149 mL·d−1). TWI-FQ TWI was significantly correlated (r = 0.707, P <0.01) and not different (198 ± 1,180 mL·d−1, 95% CI: −38, 435 mL·d−1) between weeks. TWI-FQ intraclass correlation = 0.706 was significant [95% CI: 0.591, 0.793; F(97, 98) = 5.799], indicating moderate test-retest reliability. While this tool would not be suitable for individual TWI assessment, the magnitude of bias may be acceptable for assessment at the sample-level.

Hydration status, body composition, and anxiety status in aeronautical military personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study

Background An adequate hydration status is critical to ensure efficiency during mental and physical activities. Our goal was to assess the hydration status of a Spanish group of aeronautical military men and to determine the association of hydration status with body composition and anxiety. Methods A total of 188 men were evaluated through a validated hydration questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an anxiety questionnaire. Based on these methods, the criteria of hydration were established. Results Of the total sample, 81% met the hydration criteria (urine color = well hydrated, water balance ≥ 0 ml, and total water intake/weight ≥ 35 ml/kg), and 19% did not meet the hydration criteria (urine color = not sufficiently hydrated or dehydrated, water balance < 0 ml, and total water intake/weight < 35 ml/kg). Subjects not meeting the hydration criteria had lower urine pH, negative water balance, and lower water intake. The latter also had higher anxiety status (score = 4 vs. 3, P = 0.026), weight [(84.7 ± 10.5) vs. (80.5 ± 10.2) kg], body mass index [(26.3 ± 3.1) vs. (25.2 ± 2.8)]kg/m2, body fat [(22.3 ± 5.6) vs. (18.3 ± 6.5)] %, urine specific gravity, and urine color. Using a logistic binary regression model, hydration status was related significantly with the percentage of body fat (P = 0.004), but no relation was found with age, comorbidities, or medications. Furthermore, total water intake/weight was positively correlated with percentage of body water (r = 0.357, P = 0.000) and negatively with body fat (kg) (r = − 0.427, P = 0.000), percentage of body fat (r = − 0.405, P = 0.000), and waist/hip ratio (r = − 0.223, P = 0.002). Based on a linear regression model, total water intake/weight was related significantly with percentage of body fat (P = 0.001) and percentage of body water content (P = 0.035). No relation was found, however, with waist/hip ratio, age, comorbidities, or medications. Conclusions These findings all suggest a relationship between hydration status and body composition but also set the bases for future studies that relate hydration status and anxiety status. These results can be used to improve the hydration status and body composition of military personnel.

PSVI-10 Effects of lipid and starch supplementation on total water intake of Holstein bull-calves

Water intake of dairy calves is often overlooked by most nutrition models which can be associated with the misconception that dairy calves meet their water requirements with milk or milk replacer (MR) alone. The goals herein were to investigate the effect of two isoenergetic supplements fed in a MR diet on total water intake (TWI) and fresh water intake (FWI). Twenty-three Holstein bull-calves (94.67 ± 12.07 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized design and received one of three supplements for 68 days: control (CON; n = 7), carbohydrates (CHO; n = 8), and lipid (FAT; n = 8); on top of a MR-based diet. The CON was composed of ad libitum MR alone. The FAT was composed of a supplementation of menhaden fish oil on CON (3%); and CHO was composed of corn starch supplementation on CON. All animals were provided free access to mineral mix, 200 g daily dried brewer’s spent grains, and clean water. Data were analyzed with orthogonal contrasts for pre-specified treatment comparisons using R statistical software [R Core Team (2019)]. No significant differences were observed for MR intake, 3.13, 3.05, and 3.14 kg, final bodyweight, 208.75, 200.94, 202.64 kg, and average daily gain, 1.74, 1.60, 1.64 kg, for FAT, CHO, and CON, respectively. TWI in a metabolic bodyweight (MBW) basis was different (P &lt; 0.05) amongst treatments; lower TWI intake was seen for FAT than CHO than CON (0.363 and 0.388 vs 0.423 L/kg0.75, respectively). TWI without MBW resulted in similar results (P &lt; .05) with average TWI of 15.69, 16.08, and 18.00 L; FWI differences (P &lt; .05) were seen alone 1.51, 2.59, and 3.77 L, as well as in MBW basis 0.033, 0.060, and 0.088 L/kg.75 for FAT, CHO, and CON. These data could potentially show that metabolic water production in early ruminant animals can significantly decrease water intake.

Hydration Status, Body Composition and Anxiety Status in Aeronautical Military Personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study

Background: An adequate hydration status is critical to ensure efficiency during mental and physical activities. Our goal was to assess the hydration status of a Spanish group of aeronautical military men and to determine the association of hydration status with body composition and anxiety.Methods: 188 men were evaluated through a validated hydration questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an anxiety questionnaire. According to that, criteria of hydration was established.Results: 81% of the total sample met hydration criteria (urine color = Well hydrated, Water Balance ≥ 0 mL, and total water intake/weight ≥35 mL/kg) and 19% did not meet hydration criteria (urine color = Not enough hydrated or Dehydrated, Water Balance < 0 mL, and total water intake/weight < 35 mL/kg). Subjects not meeting the hydration criteria had lower urine pH, negative water balance, and lower water intake. The latter also had higher anxiety status (score= 4 vs 3, p=0.026), weight (84.7 ± 10.5 vs 80.5 ± 10.2 Kg), Body Mass Index (26.3 ± 3.1 vs 25.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2), body fat (22.3 ± 5.6 vs 18.3 ± 6.5 %), urine specific gravity and urine color. The Hydration Status, in a logistic binary regression model was related significantly with the percentage of body fat (p=0.004), but no relation was found with age, comorbidity and medication. Furthermore, total water intake/weight was positively correlated with percentage of body water (rho=0.357, p=0.000) and negatively with body fat (kg) (rho= -0.427, p=0.000), percentage of body fat (rho= -0.405, p=0.000) and waist/hip ratio (rho= -0.223, p=0.002). The total water intake/weight, in a linear regression model was related significantly with the percentages of body fat (p=0.019) and body water (p= 0,035). No relation was found, however, with waist/hip ratio, age, comorbidity and medication.Conclusion: All these findings suggest a relationship between hydration status and body composition, but also set the bases for future studies that relate hydration status and anxiety status. These results can be used to improve the hydration status and body composition of military personnel.

Hydration Status, Body Composition and Anxiety Status in Aeronautical Military Personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAn adequate hydration status is critical to ensure efficiency during mental and physical activities. Our goal was to assess the hydration status of a Spanish group of aeronautical military men and to determine the association of hydration status with body composition and anxiety.Methods188 men were evaluated through a validated hydration questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an anxiety questionnaire. According to that, criteria of hydration was established. Results81% of the total sample met hydration criteria (urine color = Well hydrated, Water Balance ≥ 0 mL, and total water intake/weight ≥35 mL/kg) and 19% did not meet hydration criteria (urine color = Not enough hydrated or Dehydrated, Water Balance < 0 mL, and total water intake/weight < 35 mL/kg). Subjects not meeting the hydration criteria had lower urine pH, negative water balance, and lower water intake. The latter also had higher anxiety status (score= 4 vs 3, p=0.026), weight (84.7 ± 10.5 vs 80.5 ± 10.2 Kg), Body Mass Index (26.3 ± 3.1 vs 25.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2), body fat (22.3 ± 5.6 vs 18.3 ± 6.5 %), urine specific gravity and urine color. The Hydration Status, in a logistic binary regression model was related significantly with the percentage of body fat (p=0.004), but no relation was found with age, comorbidity and medication.Furthermore, total water intake/weight was positively correlated with percentage of body water (rho=0.357, p=0.000) and negatively with body fat (kg) (rho= -0.427, p=0.000), percentage of body fat (rho= -0.405, p=0.000) and waist/hip ratio (rho= -0.223, p=0.002). The total water intake/weight, in a linear regression model was related significantly with the percentages of body fat (p=0.019) and body water (p= 0,035). No relation was found, however, with waist/hip ratio, age, comorbidity and medication.ConclusionAll these findings suggest a relationship between hydration status and body composition, but also set the bases for future studies that relate hydration status and anxiety status. These results can be used to improve the hydration status and body composition of military personnel.

Hydration Status, Body Composition and Anxiety Status in Aeronautical Military Personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study

Background: An adequate hydration status is critical to ensure efficiency during mental and physical activities. Our goal was to assess the hydration status of a group of aeronautical military men and to determine the association of hydration status with body composition and anxiety. Methods: 188 men were evaluated through a validated hydration questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an anxiety questionnaire. According to that, criteria of hydration was established. Results: 81% of the total sample met hydration criteria (urine color = Well hydrated, Water Balance ≥ 0 mL, and total water intake/weight ≥ 35 mL/kg) and 19% did not meet hydration criteria (urine color = Not enough hydrated or Dehydrated, Water Balance < 0 mL, and total water intake/weight < 35 mL/kg). Subjects not meeting the hydration criteria had lower urine pH, negative water balance, and lower water intake. The latter also had higher anxiety status (score = 4 vs 3, p = 0.026), weight (84.7 ± 10.5 vs 80.5 ± 10.2 Kg), Body Mass Index (26.3 ± 3.1 vs 25.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2), body fat (22.3 ± 5.6 vs 18.3 ± 6.5%), urine specific gravity and urine color. Furthermore, total water intake/weight was positively correlated with percentage of body water (rho = 0.357, p = 0.000) and negatively with body fat (kg) (rho= -0.427, p = 0.000), percentage of body fat (rho= -0.405, p = 0.000) and waist/hip ratio (rho= -0.223, p = 0.002). Conclusions: All these findings suggest a relationship between hydration status and body composition. These results can be used to improve the hydration status and body composition of military personnel. Trial registration: This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving human subjects were approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the CEU San Pablo University (Madrid). The corresponding ethical code was 119/16/08.