The Effects of Three Different Background Music between Vocal, Instrumental and Silent on Verbal and Spatial Task Performance in Learning

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of three different backgrounds of music vocal, instrumental and silent on the verbal and spatial task performance in learning. The samples from Master students of Education in University Putra Malaysia which consisted of 36 students from Faculty of Educational Studies. This experimental research design to test hypothesis the effect of three different backgrounds of music vocal, instrumental and silent on the verbal and spatial task performance in learning. Data was analyse using IBM Statistics where this study used independent sample T-test and two-way analysis variance (ANOVA). The T-test result of analysis show there is differences between vocal condition (t = 1.101, p = 0.172), instrumental condition (t = 2.06, p = 0.018), and silent condition difference (t = 2.712, p = 0.022) on the verbal and spatial task in learning. Two-way ANOVA Task-Music group Greenhouse-Geisserwas reported in the significant level (p<0.05).

Pět klíčových indikátorů udržitelného rozvoje: nástroj pro vzdělávání a osvětu veřejnosti

Sustainable Development strategy is going to celebrate its 30th anniversary this year (1987). Despite its long existence it is a concept very little understood globally and causing public sentiment just at a small part of population. The article thinks about the causes and ways to improve it. It is indicators that have an underused potential for presentation sustainability principles and ideas. The sustainability indicators may serve as informative, educational and public enlightenment tools and assist in understanding of the whole concept – an instrumental condition for its embracing. The article defines general qualities of the indicators, as inter alia thematic relevance and indicator relevance, and proposes a set of five key indicators representing all dimensions of sustainable development: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership.

Preschoolers’ attribution of affect to music: A comparison between vocal and instrumental performance

Research has shown inconsistent results concerning the ability of young children to identify musical emotion. This study explores the influence of the type of musical performance (vocal vs. instrumental) on children’s affect identification. Using an independent-group design, novel child-directed music was presented in three conditions: instrumental, vocal-only, and song (instrumental plus vocals) to 3- to 6-year-olds previously screened for language development ( N = 76). A forced-choice task was used in which children chose a face expressing the emotion matching each musical track. All performance conditions comprised “happy” (major mode/fast tempo) and “sad” (minor mode/slow tempo) tracks. Nonsense syllables rather than words were used in the vocals in order to avoid the influence of lyrics on children’s decisions. The results showed that even the younger children were able to correctly identify the intended emotion in music, although “happy” music was more readily recognised and recognition appeared facilitated in the instrumental condition. Performance condition interacted with gender.

The boundary problem in democratic theory: why the demos should be bounded by the state

Democracy is rule by the demos, but by what criteria is the demos constituted? Theorists of democracy have tended to assume that the demos is properly defined by national boundaries or by the territorial boundaries of the modern state. In a recent turn, many democratic theorists have advanced the principles of affected interests and coercion as the basis for defining the boundaries of democracy. According to these principles, it is not co-nationals or fellow citizens but all affected or all subjected to coercion who constitute the demos. In this paper, I argue that these recent approaches to the boundary problem are insufficiently attentive to the conditions of democracy. Democracy is not merely a set of procedures; it also consists of substantive values and principles. Political equality is a constitutive condition of democracy, and solidarity is an instrumental condition of democracy. The affected interests and coercion principles create serious problems for the realization of these conditions – problems of size and stability. Building on this critique, this paper presents democratic considerations for why the demos should be bounded by the territorial boundaries of the state, grounded in the state's role in (1) securing the constitutive conditions of democracy, (2) serving as the primary site of solidarity conducive to democratic participation, and (3) establishing clear links between representatives and their constituents. I examine and reject a third alternative, a global demos bounded by a world state, and conclude by considering some practical implications of my argument.