Outline of the Evolution of the Hungarian Monetary Policy from the Restoration of the Two-level Banking System to the Present Day

This study outlines the development of Hungary’s monetary policy, and the course and changes in its objectives and instruments since the beginning of the market economy transition in the late 1980s. The author’s basic thesis is that the period since the two-level banking system was reinstated after four decades of a planned economy system, in 1987, can be basically divided into three development phases with significantly different characteristics. The first phase was an ‘attempt to introduce’ an imported monetary mechanism, or perhaps an urge to comply with it, while the second phase was an approach of a monetary regime change launched in 2013 and supporting economic growth and financial stability strongly and directly, which lasted until the appearance of the traumatic elements of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. The third phase is evolving today, under the circumstances of adapting to the conditions of the real essence of the twenty-first century, i.e. a new type of international competitiveness, which is pursued by the Central Bank of Hungary as stipulated by the Fundamental Law and the cardinal Central Bank Act of Hungary.

The Philosophical Analysis of the Concepts of Postmodern Reality

The purpose of the article is to conceptualize the philosophy of postmodernism that evolves, on one hand, as a search for new forms of creative self-expression, and, on the other hand, is presented as a crisis of philosophical cognition. The leading method for the study of postmodernism concepts is the systemic method allowing to determine their integrity and to explicate associative connections between them as interactions and interconnections brought into the system of the concept. Summarizing the discourse, we note that the main goal of postmodernism is to eliminate rational discourse and proclaim the end of the general metadiscourse of rationalism. Postmodernity should be seen as the transplantation of aesthetic matrices into surrogate, illusory, eclectic ones, which veiled the real essence of phenomena and processes.

Gothic Reality: A Study of Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights

Emily Bronte’s novel, Wuthering Heights, is a gothic novel with an innovative stance. Gothic elements permeate the story, but it is not a gothic novel in the traditional sense of the word. The fantastic tales so popular in the eighteenth century alienated the reader by creating phantasmagorical worlds. Emily Bronte, however, grounded her gothic world firmly in reality. Through an analytical approach, the author aims to show, in this article, how Emily Bronte reversed gothic conventions to create a gothic reality whose message is still relevant today. The author will show that her use of the gothic mode was an attempt to capture the real essence of life, anticipating the metaphysical theories of D. H. Lawrence, who wrote at the end of the nineteenth century. By highlighting her innate understanding of human nature , this article will focus on her affinity with Lawrence and the celebration of man’s powerful primal instincts. This article hinges on the premise that she deplored the mechanical restrictions of the society in which she lived. The author aims to show that her Gothicism is, paradoxically, synonymous with a search for life.

Gothic Reality: A Study of Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights

Emily Bronte’s novel, Wuthering Heights, is a gothic novel with an innovative stance. Gothic elements permeate the story, but it is not a gothic novel in the traditional sense of the word. The fantastic tales so popular in the eighteenth century alienated the reader by creating phantasmagorical worlds. Emily Bronte, however, grounded her gothic world firmly in reality. Through an analytical approach, the author aims to show, in this article, how Emily Bronte reversed gothic conventions to create a gothic reality whose message is still relevant today. The author will show that her use of the gothic mode was an attempt to capture the real essence of life, anticipating the metaphysical theories of D. H. Lawrence, who wrote at the end of the nineteenth century. By highlighting her innate understanding of human nature , this article will focus on her affinity with Lawrence and the celebration of man’s powerful primal instincts. This article hinges on the premise that she deplored the mechanical restrictions of the society in which she lived. The author aims to show that her Gothicism is, paradoxically, synonymous with a search for life.

The Univocity of Real Essence in Locke

I argue that Locke’s various descriptions of real essence pick out one and the same thing, namely a nature that can be ascribed to many things, and in terms of which we can get matters of classification right or wrong. On my reading, Locke does not attack real essences of the sort that are the essences of real species, but rather the presumption that a sorting according to our species concepts and their names is a sorting of things according to their real essences. And the lesson of Locke’s empirical argument against that presumption, I argue, is that our species concepts often function more like higher taxa, grouping together things that knowledge of their real essences would distinguish into distinct lowest species.

English-3 The portrayal of Human Rights in Islam –Multi-perspective disposition

This paper briefly sketches the nature, practices, and challenges of human rights from Muslim viewpoints. Historically, Islam is the pioneer of endorsing human rights. However, there are clashes between the Islamic and western concept of human rights, which has categorized human rights into various schools of thoughts. This debate has ignored realism and obscured the real essence of human values. The paper briefly analyzes the potential of human rights principles and their scope to serve as a mediator to improve human rights conditions. Although Muslim countries are facing severe human rights challenges due to social, cultural, political and economic forces, the concept of human values and justice, as portrayed by Islam is universal and has positive genesis to improve the global state of human rights upon embracement.

Temporal certainty of material civil legal relations. Some problematic issues

This article is devoted to the study of the scientific question of the temporal parameters of the certainty of the protection and legal relationship that arises in the case of violation of the subjective civil rights of the person. The author’s vision of the time of existence of the law is given, in this context the fundamental difference between the concepts of "duration of the legal relationship" and "time of exercise of subjective right" is substantiated. It is substantiated that the duration of the behavior of the contractors is not always equal to the duration of the legal relationship, because the moment of the relationship does not always coincide with the moment of its implementation. Along with the legal relationship arises not the behavior itself, but only the legal means of ensuring such behavior – a subjective right and legal obligation. So, on the other hand, the time for the exercise of a subjective right coincides with the period of its existence. Given that the temporal factors in the protection of law have a significant specificity of regulation, a fundamental separation of protective and regulatory material relations. The fact is that it is not always easy to establish a temporal boundary when an intact right passes to a disturbed state. This means that there are certain problems in accessing the appropriate protective tools. Examples of such substitution of concepts and criteria for their elimination are given. The paper also provides a scientific definition of the real essence of the protective relationship, which is that in the case of violation of subjective substantive law there is a different than before, the interaction, which is protective and legal in nature. It includes the material claim of the right holder to the infringer and the corresponding obligation of the latter. It is noted that the forms of implementation of the protection requirement of the holder of the new right may be different, each of them has its own time regulators. For example, a lawsuit is filed for a limited period of time – a statute of limitations, while for operational measures or other out–of–court claims there are special deadlines, or no time limit at all. Therefore, the need for a separate temporal mediation of each of these methods of protective response is emphasized.

Study of Variants of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) Brands and its Performance Measure on Classification Algorithm

Recently, the feed-forward neural network is functioning with slow computation time and increased gain. The weight vector and biases in the neural network can be tuned based on performing intelligent assignment for simple generalized operation. This drawback of FFNN is solved by using various ELM algorithms based on the applications issues. ELM algorithms have redesigned the existing neural networks with network components such as hidden nodes, weights, and biases. The selection of hidden nodes is randomly determined and leverages good accuracy than conservative methods. The main aim of this research article is to explain variants of ELM advances for different applications. This procedure can be improved and optimized by using the neural network with novel feed-forward algorithm. The nodes will mainly perform due to the above factors, which are tuning for inverse operation. The ELM essence should be incorporated to reach a faster learning speed and less computation time with minimum human intervention. This research article consists of the real essence of ELM and a briefly explained algorithm for classification purpose. This research article provides clear information on the variants of ELM for different classification tasks. Finally, this research article has discussed the future extension of ELM for several applications based on the function approximation.

Theoretical and Historical Reservations Required for Adequate Perception of the O. Holmes’ Legal Ideology

n Russian legal discourse there are frequent attempts to apply the postulates of a realistic legal understanding, formed by US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, to continental legal realities. The findings of the American lawyer in relation to the jurisprudence of the United States are transferring to the Russian legal institutions without regard neither to the difference the very essence of common law, which was studies by O. Holmes, nor to the difference of status and functions of the judiciary, of which he wrote, nor even difference of the historical process of formation of legal material which he explored. As a result, we have statements like the decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court or the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Russia are “judicial precedents”, and even the result of judicial law-making, as was described by O. Holmes and other legal realists. This article debunks the myths about the classification of the American legal understanding, about the real essence of judicial law-making in the United States and about its differences from its English predecessor, about the adequacy of the appeal to the American legal ideology without considering the cardinal features of the status and functioning of the US judicial system. The article offers a brief, but sufficient to overcome these errors, historical and theoretical essay on each of the identified areas.