PSYCHOLINGUISTIC IMAGE OF JOY (IN THE COMPUTER-ANIMATED FILM INSIDE OUT)

The paper is focused on the correlation between the psychological archetype of a film character and the linguistic elements composing their speech. The Nurturer archetype is represented in the film Inside Out by the personalized emotion Joy. Joy is depicted as an antropomorphous female character, whose purpose is to keep her host, a young girl Riley, happy. As the Nurturer, Joy is completely focused on Riley’s happiness, which is expressed by lexico-semantic group ‘happy’, positive evaluative tokens, exclamatory sentences, promissive speech acts, and repetitions. She needs the feeling of connectedness with other members of her family, which is revealed by lexico-semantic groups ‘support’ and ‘help’. She is ready to sacrifice everything to save the girl in her care, which is demonstrated by modal verbs, frequent word-combination ‘for Riley’, and directives.

Cognitive Mechanisms of Nominating Plants in English

The article deals with cognitive models underlying the process of plant categorization by the speakers. Having analyzed 200 names of herbs and flowers in English, the authors differentiated three cognitive models, which the phytonyms categorization is based on: metaphoric, metonymic and propositional. It is shown that "the codes of culture", or in other words, well-known realia, are used as sources for nomination; on their basis typical cognitive models are formed. Since the names of flowers and herbs in the English language are mostly compound words, the identified cognitive models are described taking into account the action of the cognitive word-formation mechanisms of proverse and reverse. The first mechanism structure of a phytonym presupposes the direct order of compound-word components as a result of the initial word-combination integration. This word building mechanism is typical of the compound structures "adjective / verb + noun". The reversive mechanism represents the inner structure of a phytonym as a result of reverse transformation of the word-combination initial components. This type of mechanism is characteristic of the phytonyms created on the basis of the structures "noun + noun", "noun + ' + noun". The article describes the models of proverse and reverse structuring, which are typical of English phytonyms. The prospects of the research are to study the cognitive models and mechanisms underlying plant nomination in a comparative aspect based on the material of several languages.

“Machine Sound” and Microtonal Music

In the essay devoted to the invention of “machine” (or electromechanical) sound, one tries to rethink the familiar word combination “machine and artificial”. The latter one is not a word game. By the user-friendly separation of an octave into 12 uniform tone steps, the modern tonal system of the western hemisphere is therefore artificial by definition. In contrast to that, the vocal polyphony of the Renaissance is based on an increased usage of acoustically pure or natural intervals. Early attempts to extend instrumental compositions with the benefits of just intonation failed. An unexpected support for microtonal structures within instrumental music came from machines. Primarily by the dynamophone, one of the first electromechanical instruments, developed close to the beginning of the 20th century. Beside its primary task — the additive synthesis — its inventor Thaddeus Cahill aimed for a union of sound art and the laws of acoustics. Therefore, this instrument had the sheer amount of 36 keys per octave. From the point of view of representatives of the musical avant-garde, the control over pitch that came with the mastery of sound synthesis allowed the use of new tonal systems.

Title as a constructive element in the sonnet text

Background. The title of the literary text arises in front of a researcher in two capacities. First – as one of the elements of metatext level, immediately aimed at the close interrelation with the main text, and second – as a separate text structure with its own grammar and semantic structure. The analysis of the title in the interrelation with the main text, taking into consideration genre specifics of the latest, is of immediate interest. Purpose. The target of this study is to describe the title text in the Ukrainian sonnet poem, in particular in the correlation with the integral text structure, which is caused by the absence of any specific research of this problem.Methods. Research approach of the title text as a separate unit and as a constructive element of the wider text structure relies on the basics of classification description, contextual and hermeneutic analysis in the system of literary text.Results. The title of the sonnet poem, generally not falling out of the paradigm of the paratextual formations, on the functional level is characterized by certain particularities compared to other lyric and epic genres – where it can serve, for instance, as a genre self-name of the poem. On the structure level the sonnet marker can start or finish the composite word, serve as an attribute noun in the attributive word combination, play a role of the key word with the dependent substantive etc. The title (together with subtitle or without it) is able to attribute thematic and semantic lines in the poem, some structure and genre changes.Conclusion. The title of the sonnet text, being a paratext element, accomplishes an important prospect and retrospect function for comprehension of the integral structure of the literary text; can serve as genre self-name of the poem, involving at the same time different thematic layers of narration; can also point at some structure and genre modifications of the classic sonnet, and some shifts to other traditional genres.

"Semantic modification and lexical neologization – a means of enriching the Bulgarian lexicon"

In this article the neo-semanticisms are presented by real neologisms and occasionalisms, excerpted in recent years from Bulgarian media texts with different thematic orientation and stylistic expression. Commens are also made on the lexicon that has emerged through tracing and borrowing, which builds formal relations of homonymy with words that already exist in our language. Each of the 44 lexical items is presented in a dictionary article, including its morphological and semantic characteristics; word formation parameters; the motivating foreign word (if any); distribution of the palette of semes registered in the lexicographic arrays; the new sememe – the result of semantic transformation, in a minimal context; classification of the free and/or stable word combination it forms; the formal and semantic relations in which it enters and its stylistic affiliation. The study finds that the enrichment of the vocabulary of the Bulgarian language is achieved as a result of democratization, colloquialization and internationalization of the language. Semantic modifications are realized mainly through: metaphorization, metonymization, personification and comparison.

Frazematyczny potencjał połączenia wyrazowego bieda z nędzą we współczesnej polszczyźnie

Phrasematic Potential of the Word Combination: bieda z nędzą in Contemporary Polish The combination of synonymous words, whose origin may be associated with folk demonology and personified notions of Bieda [Poverty] and Nędza [Misery], has become the basis for a few phrasemes that are authenticated in contemporary Polish language. The analysis of research material that includes a variety of texts, differing in terms of topic, genre and style, is the evidence that apart from the phraseme bieda z nędzą, which is registered in dictionaries, also other multi-verbal units, whose basic element of composition is this particular word combination, are used in Polish. The primary significance of the analysed phrasemes results from the presence of two synonymous words denoting a difficult financial situation, which leads to the hyperbolisation of the phenomenon. From the pragmatic perspective, however, they are used mostly as negative evaluation units, referring to the material sphere, but also to various fields, phenomena and events, which, according to the speaker, are characterised by low quality, have visible shortages and symptoms of poverty, or result from negligence or bad taste. As expressively and axiologically marked terms, which are characteristic of the colloquial style, these phrasemes are encountered in comments and discussion forums, as well as media coverage, especially in headlines. Longer phrasemes, which are joined by a clear rhyme, are the elements of intertextual games in various cultural texts: artistic works, blogs and chrematonyms.

Albanian Technical Terminologies as a Special Vocabulary and Its Challenges in the XXI Century

In the conditions of the rapid development of technics and technology in recent years, the cooperation of the scientific-technical language with the standard Albanian language is continuing with a higher intensity than before. We notice a vigor of enrichment in the vocabulary of technical terminology, due to the creation and formation of new fields and subfields of technics, technology, also computing, mechatronics, telemetry, a multitude of concepts many of which, on one hand, are marked with names of the languages they come from, mainly from English, but on the other hand, they meet their needs with the lexical mother tongue composition (by common words being raised to terms) and with the activation of other layers, such as word-combination (word-group) terms. In this paper, in a more pronounced way, we are exploring with priority the formation process of terms from common words in technical terminologies. The influence of the scientific-technical language on the general one will be further strengthened in future, because science and its language are beginning to play an increasingly more important role on the development of culture in general.

Corpus based analysis of established preposition-noun word combinations with the meaning of emotions (aus Spaß = for fun, aus Lust = for pleasure, aus Angst = from fear...)

Corpus linguistics is used in this paper to describe selected established German-language combinations firmly connecting prepositions and nouns (German: Substantiv) with a zero article, a sign of their lexicalisation. The focus is on preposition-noun combinations that express emotions in a primarily causal adverbial function, such as aus Angst ‘from fear’, aus Furcht ‘for fear’; aus Spaß ‘for fun’, aus Lust ‘for pleasure’ aus Verzweiflung ‘out of desperation/despair’, aus Frust ‘out of frustration’. The paper points out the insufficient lexicographic description currently available in dictionaries, while emphasising that the meaning of the word combination can only be analysed in context and, from their typical occurrence, it is possible to distinguish several aspects of the combination used, something dictionaries usually do not reflect. Research into these word combinations constitute a desideration of contemporary linguistics.

SYSTEMATIZATION OF HOLOPHRASTIC CONSTRUCTIONS’ PROPERTIES

The paper is focused on studying regularities of holophrastic constructions’ functioning in the English literary prose by means of identifying and classifying the most significant features of their linguistic characteristics and expression. Holophrastic construction is regarded in the paper as a synthetically formed composite lexical unit that combines features of a word, a word-combination, or a sentence, and which figuratively but precisely represents in communication the integrative pictures of the individuals’ thinking or behavior, fixed in their memory as a corresponding concept, for decoding of which the recipients use their communicative and cognitive experience. Having analyzed the interpretations of holophrastic constructions’ characteristic features given in various scientific sources, the authors present a generalized classification of their linguistic properties as well as provide examples of their actualization in English literary texts. The carried out analysis allowed the authors to systematize English holophrastic constructions according to the following most significant features of their linguistic expression: communicative and pragmatic aim (inducing to actions, restraining form actions, and evaluation of the communicative situation), form of expressing meaning (transparent or opaque), degree of their emotional loading (emotionally neutral, emotionally coloured, and emotionally expressive constructions), their syntactic function in the sentence (subject, predicate, object, attribute, or adverbial modifier) and their structure (three-component, four-component, five-component, and poly-component, i.e. consisting of six or more components). The performed study advances the idea that the substantiated classification can serve as a methodological tool for structuring classes, subclasses and groups of the experimental material within the scope of similar linguistic research.

HISTORICAL MOVIE IN MEDIA LINGUISTICS: STYLISTICS, TRANSLATION

A notion of a film text is currently an object of scientific research, which is caused by a rapid development of cinematic art within the last century and an increasing attention of scientists to a linguistic constituent of this phenomenon. The film text is one of the most important displays of a media text. In a film text, two semiotic systems are present, linguistic and non-linguistic ones, which operate signs of different kinds. The linguistic system of the film text is serviced by sign-symbols, created from an establishment of a connection between something, which is being explained, and something, which is explained based on a conditional agreement. It is represented by two components: written one (credits, captions which constitute a part of a movie universe) and oral one (an actor’s speech, a voice-over, a song, etc.), which are expressed with the help of symbolic signs – words of a natural everyday language. An investigation of a political fiction movie text belongs to modern explorations of text stylistics in the direction of description and standardization of the system of speech genres in the field of linguistics and literature studies. Also, this investigation describes stylistic and translation aspects of a linguistic part of a political fiction movie text. The article considers stylistic indications of a political fiction movie text and ways of their translation. A political fiction movie communicates to the audience a political stance and a worldview, or makes it aware of political problems. During the translation of a political fiction movie, the author of the translation takes into consideration the stylistic tonality of the text, which, contrary to the phonetic one, represents in itself the concentrate of expressive means of the original text. In the case of a political movie, this is about stylistic dramatic-epic tonality. The main task for the translator of a political movie is to skillfully carry out translation transformations, for the translation text to convey all the information contained in the original text with the maximum possible accuracy. The most effective transformations in the Ukrainian translation of the analyzed fiction movie are: contextual lexical-semantic substitution, concretization, word-for-word translation, synonymic translation, syntactic omission of a part of a sentence, syntactic replacement in a word combination structure, grammatical replacement.