Filsafat dan Sejarah Perkembangan Ilmu

Philosophy is a science that is extensive, meaning that it is closely related to our daily lives. In fact, it can be said that philosophy is the driving force of our daily lives as individuals and as collective human beings in the form of a society or nation. Bertrand Russell explained that “between theology and science lies in a no man's land. This area is under attack by both theology and science. This no man's land is called "philosophy". Philosophy is said to be the "matter scientiarum" which is the mother of all sciences. Everyone who wants to learn the meaning of life must know the science of philosophy. Dr. Surajiyo in his book "An Introduction to Philosophy" stated that "philosophizing is nothing but living thinking and thinking deeply about life (living thought and thoughtful living). Philosophy of science is not just a methodology or procedure for writing scientific papers. Philosophy of science is a philosophical reflection of the nature of science that will not recognize a stopping point in reaching the target to be achieved, namely truth and reality. Understanding the philosophy of science means understanding the intricacies of science so that the most basic aspects and joints, to understand the perspective of science, the possibility of its development, and the interrelationships between branches of science with one another It can be concluded that philosophy is a science that studies seriously the nature of the truth of all things. Science is a method of thinking objectively in describing and giving meaning to the real world and has principles to organize and systematize. The indicators of science are: Accumulative, the truth is not absolute, objective. There are six phases of scientific development, including; Pre-Ancient Greece Phase, Ancient Greek Phase, Medieval Age Phase, Renaissance Age phase, Modern era phase, and the last Contemporary Age phase

John Locke: The Construction of Knowledge in the Perspective of Philosophy

Epistemology is one of three philosophical dichotomies that rises to two main isms to obtain knowledge: rationalism initiated by Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and empiricism initiated by John Lock (1632-1704). As an empiricist, Locke offers the tabula rasa theory to support his argument. Thus, this study aims to describe radically and comprehensively the concept of John Locke's thought from the perspective of epistemological philosophy. This aim is achieved by describing the background and principal works of John Lock on the philosophy of epistemology, including the main ideas, views, and reasoning of his empiricism through tabula rasa theory. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative in the field of philosophy. Data were collected through a literature study, then analyzed hermeneutically with two methodical elements: verstehen and interpret. First, this research shows that knowledge is principally obtained from sensory experience in which the mind is only passive. Second, the sensory experience is obtained objectively (primary quality) and subjectively (secondary quality). Third, external sensation and internal sensation obtained from sensory experience are built into simple ideas to complex ideas.

Falsifikasi Karl R. Popper dan Urgensinya dala Dunia Akademik

A problem that is often debated by both the western and eastern world is the problem of determining the truth of a scientific field or theory. In western science, a thought emerged from a philosopher, namely the theory of falsification put forward by Karl Raymond Popper. In his theory Popper argues that the truth of a science is not determined through justification (verification), but through refuting the propositions that science itself builds (falsification). The study of Popper's falsification has been very widely published and discussed in various writings, especially in Islamic studies and science (science). In this article, the author tries to briefly describe the urgency of Karl R. Popper's thought in the academic field. The method used in writing this article is library research (literature review), using relevant documents, journals, and research. Through this research, it is known that the application of Karl Raimund Popeer's theory of falsification is very important in the academic field. This is evidenced by the concept of falsification which is used to determine the scientific knowledge. In addition, the concept of falsification was used long before Popper introduced the theory. One of them is used by the Muslim philosopher Imam Al-Gazali in defending and proving his arguments and thoughts. In the development of scientific methods, the principle of falsification plays an important role in strengthening scientific theory because it serves as evidence to disqualify other irrelevant theories.

Science and the Necessity of Faith: Notes on “Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic”

Apropos Kant’s discussion of scientific practice in the section of the first Critique entitled “Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic,” there has long been a tendency in Anglophone Kant scholarship to downplay the role of God or quickly brush aside the centrality of the idea in the Kantian system. As a way of setting the stage for evaluating the place of God in Kant’s philosophy, this paper, in a concise and straightforward manner, attempts to make the connection between science and the idea of God as it appears in the first Critique explicit and explain why Kant is driven to make that connection. In the first half of the paper, I summarize Kant’s discussion of scientific practice as presented in the first part of the Appendix, followed by a brief discussion of a problem his account raises. In the second half of the paper, I elaborate the connection between science and God as a response to that problem.