Chapter 6 explores the many challenges associated with identification, measurement, valuation, reporting, and presenting outcomes within economic evaluations of population health interventions and policies. Drawing on the vast literature in this area, existing guidelines, government recommendations, and methodological advances, this chapter will outline the current challenges, solutions, and suggestions. This chapter also introduces a number of research developments and new outcome measures particularly suited to public health intervention evaluation. These developments include the growing acceptance and relevance of broader measures of outcomes, greater use of ‘capability well-being’ as an outcome, and an increasing use of alternative reporting and presenting frameworks to accommodate these outcomes such as cost–consequence analysis, multi-criteria decision analysis, and social cost–benefit analysis.