Torrefied biomass in biofuel production system

Ukraine produces large amounts of crop residues every year, much which could be utilized to produce biofuel. However, efficient supply chains and system configurations are needed to make such systems efficient and cost effective. One option is to integrate torrefaction, power production and biofuel production into a single, coordinated system. This approach allows for high value product (i.e. biofuel), greater utilization of the energy content of the feedstock, and supply chain efficiency. Initial analyses indicate that revenues can be enhanced through this approach, and further analyses and optimization efforts could identify a sustainable approach to renewable fuel and power production for Ukraine. The question of scale and layout remains of interest as well, and a thorough logistical study is needed to identify the most suitable configuration. Agricultural operations often benefit from smaller scales of operation, whereas fuel production processes tend to operate profitably only at very large scale. Thus, a balance must be struck between the needs of both ends of the supply chain. The processing center concept helps to balance those needs. A system such as this also has potential to synergize with other agricultural production systems, such as the production of animal feed, fertilizer, and other bio-based products. The complexities of the Ukrainian agricultural market will need to be reflected carefully in any model that seeks to assess the system's potential. Presents a concept for coupling thermal pretreatment (torrefaction with biofuel and power production for the transformation of wheat straw into a value added product for Ukraine. Torrefaction provides supply chain savings, while conversion provides added value to the product. This paradigm has potential to utilize a widely produced waste material into a valuable source of energy and possibly other products for the country.

Personnel and intellectual component of economic security of the agricultural sector: essence and meaning

The economic security of the agricultural sector is related to the economic security of the state and the economic security of individual enterprises operating in this sector of the economy. The important component of economic security of agricultural sector is personnel and intellectual security, which should be ensured through the preservation and development of the intellectual potential of the enterprise and the effective work of the staff. The aim of the study is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of personnel and intellectual component of economic security of the agricultural sector. The following methods were used in the study: dialectical method of cognition of economic phenomena, abstract and logical, analysis and synthesis, generalization. The article uses the results of expert assessment, which was conducted in accordance with the Methodology of expert assessment of the impact of individual factors on the economic security of agricultural enterprises, which has been developed by the author. The obtained results show that among the internal threats to economic security, threats related to the personnel and intellectual component (nonprofessional management of the enterprise; low level of qualification of employees; low level of employee motivation; outflow of skilled workers) occupy a prominent place. Theoretical bases of forming the mechanism of regulation of personnel and intellectual safety of the enterprise are offered. Counteraction to the threats of the personnel and intellectual component of economic security should be based on the following measures: raising the professional level of management of agricultural enterprises; provision of qualified personnel; stimulating the staff to self-development; conducting an effective youth policy with the aim of attracting young professionals in the agricultural sector; forming a sense of a unified team in employees; creation of an effective system of social support for employees; introduction of an effective and transparent system of motivation and incentives for employees, based on clear criteria for evaluating the activities of employees. Further perspectives for research in this direction should be the formation of the strategy for economic security of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, which is based on the study devoted to the management of the mechanism of regulating personnel, intellectual and other components of economic security.

Bioeconomic advantages of developing enterprises operating in dairy products industry

Currently, there is a global trend to produce a variety of products, goods and energy using renewable organic raw materials based on the widespread application of biotechnology. That is, the bioeconomy creates bioeconomic advantages in the interaction between the economy, environment, technology and society due to the fact that it uses scientific and technological innovations that act as drivers. For PJSC Zhytomyr Butter Plant such measures are priority areas in production, organizational and technical activities. In particular, the new line “Straightline SL1100 F2 from Tetra Pak” will make it possible to reduce the production cost of 1 ton of ice cream and improve its quality. According to the enterprise’s estimates, in 2020 the sales turnover will be 51,840.0 thousand items; the unit cost will be UAH 30. As a result, the revenue will be UAH 1,554.0 thousand. Over the years, sales turnover and price will increase, so sales revenue will also increase and will amount to UAH 1,631.2 in 2021, UAH 1,675.6 in 2022, UAH 1,703.3 in 2023. The amount of profit will grow annually in the range from 6.4 % to 9.0 %. Thus, the enterprise can create bioeconomic advantages through high quality products, lower production costs, and most importantly, through the development of key competencies that create unique value for consumers.

Influence of protracted application of systems of basic till and fertilizer is on structure of soil

The results of researches of influence of the protracted application of the different systems of basic till of soil and fertilizer are presented on basic conformities to law and parameters of changes of the structural state that took place in an arable layer. It is educed that on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer for 20 years place improvement of structuralness of arable layer on 4,5-6,0 % by the greatest index for the moldboard systems. On a background a mineral fertilizer for this period the decline of amount of structuralness aggregates is marked from 0,1 % and chisel systems to 0,6 % and moldboard. In middle for 20 replacement of ploughing nonmoldboard tills on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer resulted in the decline of structuralness of arable layer on 2,0–8,0 %. On a background a mineral fertilizer a tendency was kept, though with some more subzero values, and to the organic-mineral background declines folded 0,1–3,7 %. Amount agronomical valuable aggregates in soil depended on the amount of debrises, evenness of their placing on an arable layer and from intensity of loosening. From time of sowing to the harvest the structuralness of soil got better with the greatest positive effect in sowing of mustard white, some more subzero, - to soy and most subzero - wheat winter-annual and at permanent advantage of background of organic-mineral fertilizer above mineral.

Pathamorphological changes of cats pancreata under acute pancreatitis

From among a great number of digestive system diseases in domestic animals there is pancreatitis which is caused by an early zymogenesis in the acinar cells. The problem of studying the structural organization of a pancreata in sick cats is topical because of a progressive spreading of pancreatitis in domestic animals. Thus, the purpose of the research was to study out the morphological changes of cats pancreata under acute pancreatitis. Working with vertebrate animals we were guided by “European Convention for the Protection of Vertebtate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes” (Strasbourg, 1986). The results of the histological examination of cats pancreata under acute pancreatitis show some pathological changes both in endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Such changes were manifested in necrosis of exocrine pancreatitis as well as in spreading and swelling of acinar space, that testified to the infancy of an inflammatory process. Some dystrophic changes, followed by karyolysis, were found in the focus of tissue nicrosis. Pancreatocyte cytoplasm was cloudy, its basal and apical zones were obscure, clearly defined interstitial tissue swelling was found between the particles and unequal swelling was found inside the particles. Intercellular space was exaggerated. Morphometrically in a group of sick animals was detected an increase in specific weihgt of stromal component (р<0,05),which equalled 22,44±0,24 %, in a control group it equalled 17,78±0,15 %. Some hemorrhage and distrophicvally changed hormone- active cells as well as nonregular distribution of cells were detected under a histological examination of Langerhans islets. In most islets the cells had swelled vacuolar cytoplasm. While analyzing the morphometric indices it was stated that the cats exocrine pancreas under acute pancreatitis was 1.12 as large and occupied 48258,05±135,07 mkm2, (97,88±0,05 %). The cats endocrine pancreas under this pathology occupied 6858,85±315,05 mkm2, (2,12±0,05 %). In cats of a control group this index equalled 6784,71±285,04 mkm2 (1,95±0,06 %). The diameter of sick cats acinus as well as of Langerhans islets equalled respectively 31,85±0,05 and 71,81±2,45 mkm, which reliably (р<0,001) was 1.13 and 1.15 as large. In clinically healhty cats these indices are 28,12±0,11; 70,20±2,48 mkm.

Comparative morphology of the spleen of birds of the families phasianidae and columbidae

Morphological study of the phylogenetic direction allows to determine the ecological conditionality in the nature of the development of related forms and deepens their characteristics. The work aimed to study the spleen of birds of the Phasianidae family (chicken, quail) and Columbidae (pigeon). The histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Their morphometry was performed for establishing the features of the morphological structure of the organ. The microscopic structure of the spleen in birds of the pheasant and pigeon classes was characterized by the presence of the same components: stroma and parenchyma. The musculoskeletal system consisted of trabeculae and capsules. The pulp was divided into white and red. However, each species of bird had its own histological and morphometric features. The pulpal trabeculae were found only in chickens. The capsular trabeculae were also present in quails and pigeons. A characteristic feature of the pigeon's spleen is the association of the connecting trabeculae with the vascular ones, in which a large number of vessels were located. The lymphoid tissue of the spleen of birds was predominantly structured. However, in the pigeon's spleen, there was also unformed lymphoid tissue of varying size of various shapes. The white pulp of birds consisted of lymphoid nodules and periarterial lymphoid sheaths. Additionally, ellipsoids were found in the white pulp of the hens' spleen, and they were almost non-existent in pigeons. In pigeons, lymphoid nodules were mainly located in the subcapsular zone of the spleen and often formed conglomerated structures by merging 3–6 nodules. The musculoskeletal system is best developed in pigeons (9 %). The relative area of white pulp is the largest in chickens (18.6 %), red pulp – in quail (82 %).In this work, we have taken the first step in elucidating the features of the morphology of the spleen of birds of different classes, for detailed analysis, our further research will focus on the study of morphophysiology of the spleen of birds in age and breed aspects.