Fit Vs Faint: Assessing Work Causation in “Idiopathic Fall” Cases

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Lorne Direnfeld ◽  
David B. Torrey ◽  
Jim Black ◽  
LuAnn Haley ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Brain Electrical Activity ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Medical Causation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Current Science

Abstract When an individual falls due to a nonwork-related episode of dizziness, hits their head and sustains injury, do workers’ compensation laws consider such injuries to be compensable? Bearing in mind that each state makes its own laws, the answer depends on what caused the loss of consciousness, and the second asks specifically what happened in the fall that caused the injury? The first question speaks to medical causation, which applies scientific analysis to determine the cause of the problem. The second question addresses legal causation: Under what factual circumstances are injuries of this type potentially covered under the law? Much nuance attends this analysis. The authors discuss idiopathic falls, which in this context means “unique to the individual” as opposed to “of unknown cause,” which is the familiar medical terminology. The article presents three detailed case studies that describe falls that had their genesis in episodes of loss of consciousness, followed by analyses by lawyer or judge authors who address the issue of compensability, including three scenarios from Arizona, California, and Pennsylvania. A medical (scientific) analysis must be thorough and must determine the facts regarding the fall and what occurred: Was the fall due to a fit (eg, a seizure with loss of consciousness attributable to anormal brain electrical activity) or a faint (eg, loss of consciousness attributable to a decrease in blood flow to the brain? The evaluator should be able to fully explain the basis for the conclusions, including references to current science.

scholarly journals Identification of Brain Electrical Activity Related to Head Yaw Rotations

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3345
Author(s):  
Enrico Zero ◽  
Chiara Bersani ◽  
Roberto Sacile
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Electrical Stimulus ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Brain Electrical Activity ◽  
Output Function ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Head Turning ◽  
Identification Technique ◽  
The Brain

Automatizing the identification of human brain stimuli during head movements could lead towards a significant step forward for human computer interaction (HCI), with important applications for severely impaired people and for robotics. In this paper, a neural network-based identification technique is presented to recognize, by EEG signals, the participant’s head yaw rotations when they are subjected to visual stimulus. The goal is to identify an input-output function between the brain electrical activity and the head movement triggered by switching on/off a light on the participant’s left/right hand side. This identification process is based on “Levenberg–Marquardt” backpropagation algorithm. The results obtained on ten participants, spanning more than two hours of experiments, show the ability of the proposed approach in identifying the brain electrical stimulus associate with head turning. A first analysis is computed to the EEG signals associated to each experiment for each participant. The accuracy of prediction is demonstrated by a significant correlation between training and test trials of the same file, which, in the best case, reaches value r = 0.98 with MSE = 0.02. In a second analysis, the input output function trained on the EEG signals of one participant is tested on the EEG signals by other participants. In this case, the low correlation coefficient values demonstrated that the classifier performances decreases when it is trained and tested on different subjects.

Hypoglycemia in Dogs and Recovery After Intracisternal Administration of Glucose

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles L. Doyle ◽  
Norman S. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Severe Hypoglycemia ◽  
Brain Electrical Activity ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Serial Sampling ◽  
The Brain

A standardized procedure for the production of hypoglycemia in dogs has been developed. The degree of hypoglycemia may be determined by the correlation of electroencephalographic tracings and levels of plasma constituents. During severe hypoglycemia glucose was injected either by the intravenous or intracisternal route. In the former group the brain electrical activity returned to normal within 1 minute, whereas, the latter group required 6–10 minutes. Serial sampling of arterial blood in the animals which had been given glucose directly into the cerebrospinal fluid showed that relatively large increases in plasma glucose preceded the return to normal electrical activity of the brain. It is concluded that glucose does not pass directly from the cerebrospinal fluid into the cerebral tissues but rather is transported to the general circulation before entering the brain.

scholarly journals Cerebrovascular diseases: the importance of recognizing them

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Felipe Martins ◽  
Flávia Pascoal Teles ◽  
Amanda Fernandes de Sousa Oliveira Balestra ◽  
Isadora Rosa Maia
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Severe Headache ◽  
The Body ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Brain Vessels ◽  
The Brain

Background: Until the 70s, cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) were neglected to the lack of resources. However, due to the advancement of technology, several imaging tests have appeared, such as magnetic resonance and computed tomography, which facilitated the diagnosis and the understanding of the pathophysiology of each disease. Objectives: The objective of this work is to identify the main CVDs signs and symptoms. Methods: An integrative literature review was carried out based on selected articles from Google Scholar, PubMed and SciELO, using the terms headache, cerebrovascular disease, neurology. Results: CVDs are characterized by causing damage to brain vessels, due to changes in blood flow momentarily or permanently in an area of the brain, allowing them to be classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic. In ischemic there is a blockage of blood flow and, consequently, of oxygen to areas of the brain, in hemorrhagic rupture of a vessel occurs and, with this, blood leakage. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the signs and symptoms early, in order to prevent loss of neurological function, movements on one side of the body and the presence or absence of headaches in both patients, with ischemic CVD and hemorrhagic CVD prevent rapid loss of consciousness accompanied by severe headache. Such signs and symptoms associated with the patient’s family history and lifestyle can help in the diagnosis of this disease. Conclusion: Therefore, it is important to recognize the signs and symptoms of CVDs, in order to determine the treatment and advise the patient, which will guarantee a better prognosis.

scholarly journals Sex and age impact prevalence and symptoms of vasovagal syncope: Implications for accurate diagnosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Hailey Gregson ◽  
Ana Ivkov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Vasovagal Syncope ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Transient Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Transient Loss ◽  
Autonomic Reflex ◽  
The Brain

Syncope is characterized by the transient loss of consciousness followed by spontaneous recovery. The mechanism which underlies this condition is reduced blood flow to the brain [1]. Vasovagal syncope, often termed reflex syncope, is the most common type of syncope [1]. Vasovagal Syncope is caused by the abnormal autonomic reflex to certain stimuli such as pain, micturition/defecation, fear, seeing blood, etc., which results in vasodilation and often times, bradycardia [1].

Screen filtration pressure of homologous and heterologous blood and electroencephalogram

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Hirsch ◽  
Roy L. Swank ◽  
Marianne Breuer ◽  
Wolfgang Hissen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Glass Wool ◽  
Brain Capillaries ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Brain Waves ◽  
Filtration Pressure ◽  
The Brain

The character and duration of electrical activity arising from a completely isolated cat's head was dependent upon the screen filtration pressure (SFP) of the heparinized oxygenated blood with which it was perfused. If the SFP was above normal the amplitude and frequency of the EEG first decreased, then the brain waves disappeared. The duration of time from the beginning of perfusion until these changes in the EEG occurred was inversely related to the SFP of the perfused blood. Also, the perfusion rate was inversely related to the SFP provided the perfusion pressure remained the same. It is believed that the increase in SFP and changes in EEG and blood flow were due to the presence in the blood of aggregates of blood cells (platelets and leucocytes) which obstructed the brain capillaries. It would appear that heterologous (dog) as well as homologous (cat) blood can be effectively used to perfuse the isolated cat's head provided the blood has a normal SFP. In practice, this was made possible by filtering the blood continuously through Pyrex glass wool.

Blood-brain barrier permeability of 11C-labeled alcohols and 15O-labeled water

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Raichle ◽  
JO Eichling ◽  
MG Straatmann ◽  
MJ Welch ◽  
KB Larson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Capillary ◽  
Permeability Characteristics ◽  
Permeability Surface ◽  
Brain Barrier Permeability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

The extraction of 11C-labeled methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol, as well as 15O-labeled water by the brain during a single capillary transit, was studied in vivo in six adult rhesus monkeys by external detection of the time course of these tracers subsequent to their internal carotid artery injection. The data demonstrate the feasibility of accurately measuring brain permeability of highly diffusible substances by this technique and show that neither water nor the alcohols studied freely equilibrate with brain when the cerebral blood flow exceeds 30 ml/100 g min-1. At a cerebral blood flow of 50 ml/100 g min-1 only about 93% of an injected bolus of labeled water freely exchanges with brain, compared with methanol (93%), ethanol (97%), and isopropanol (99%). The brain capillary permeability-surface area (PS) products computed from these data were 0.023 cm3/s g-1 (water), 0.024 cm3/s g-1 (methanol), 0.030 cm3/s g-1 (ethanol), and 0.062 cm3/s g-1 (isopropanol). This sequence of PS products is consistent with the individual lipid solubilities of the alcohols studied and underscores the unique brain permeability characteristics of lipid-insoluble water.

Modeling of Blood Flow in the Human Brain

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shahadat Hossain ◽  
Bhavin Dalal ◽  
Ian S. Fischer ◽  
Pushpendra Singh ◽  
Nadine Aubry
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

The non-Newtonian properties of blood, i.e., shear thinning and viscoelasticity, can have a significant influence on the distribution of Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) in the human brain. The aim of this work is to quantify the role played by the non-Newtonian nature of blood. Under normal conditions, CBF is autoregulated to maintain baseline levels of flow and oxygen to the brain. However, in patients suffering from heart failure (HF), Stroke, or Arteriovenous malformation (AVM), the pressure in afferent vessels varies from the normal range within which the regulatory mechanisms can ensure a constant cerebral flow rate, leading to impaired cerebration in patients. It has been reported that the change in the flow rate is more significant in certain regions of the brain than others, and that this might be relevant to the pathophysiological symptoms exhibited in these patients. We have developed mathematical models of CBF under normal and the above disease conditions that use direct numerical simulations (DNS) for the individual capillaries along with the experimental data in a one-dimensional model to determine the flow rate and the methods for regulating CBF. The model also allows us to determine which regions of the brain would be affected relatively more severely under these conditions.

scholarly journals Coherence and phase synchronization of the brain electrical activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
А. О. Попов ◽  
Антон Ваврещук ◽  
А. М. Канайкин
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Phase Synchronization ◽  
Brain Electrical Activity ◽  
The Brain
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