Epithelial Irritant Receptors in the Lungs

2008 ◽  
pp. 77-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet E. Mills ◽  
Hilary Sellick ◽  
J. G. Widdicombe
Keyword(s):  
Irritant Receptors

scholarly journals Formation of flavorant–propylene Glycol Adducts With Novel Toxicological Properties in Chemically Unstable E-Cigarette Liquids

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1248-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanno C Erythropel ◽  
Sairam V Jabba ◽  
Tamara M DeWinter ◽  
Melissa Mendizabal ◽  
Paul T Anastas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Irritant Receptors

Abstract Introduction “Vaping” electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is increasingly popular with youth, driven by the wide range of available flavors, often created using flavor aldehydes. The objective of this study was to examine whether flavor aldehydes remain stable in e-cigarette liquids or whether they undergo chemical reactions, forming novel chemical species that may cause harm to the user. Methods Gas chromatography was used to determine concentrations of flavor aldehydes and reaction products in e-liquids and vapor generated from a commercial e-cigarette. Stability of the detected reaction products in aqueous media was monitored by ultraviolet spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and their effects on irritant receptors determined by fluorescent calcium imaging in HEK-293T cells. Results Flavor aldehydes including benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, citral, ethylvanillin, and vanillin rapidly reacted with the e-liquid solvent propylene glycol (PG) after mixing, and upward of 40% of flavor aldehyde content was converted to flavor aldehyde PG acetals, which were also detected in commercial e-liquids. Vaping experiments showed carryover rates of 50%–80% of acetals to e-cigarette vapor. Acetals remained stable in physiological aqueous solution, with half-lives above 36 hours, suggesting they persist when inhaled by the user. Acetals activated aldehyde-sensitive TRPA1 irritant receptors and aldehyde-insensitive TRPV1 irritant receptors. Conclusions E-liquids are potentially reactive chemical systems in which new compounds can form after mixing of constituents and during storage, as demonstrated here for flavor aldehyde PG acetals, with unexpected toxicological effects. For regulatory purposes, a rigorous process is advised to monitor the potentially changing composition of e-liquids and e-vapors over time, to identify possible health hazards. Implications This study demonstrates that e-cigarette liquids can be chemically unstable, with reactions occurring between flavorant and solvent components immediately after mixing at room temperature. The resulting compounds have toxicological properties that differ from either the flavorants or solvent components. These findings suggest that the reporting of manufacturing ingredients of e-liquids is insufficient for a safety assessment. The establishment of an analytical workflow to detect newly formed compounds in e-liquids and their potential toxicological effects is imperative for regulatory risk analysis.

Properties of ‘irritant’ receptors in canine lung

1975 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Sampson ◽  
E.H. Vidruk
Keyword(s):  
Irritant Receptors

Respiratory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Pulmonary Mechanics ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Golgi Tendon Organs ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Pulmonary Stretch Receptors ◽  
Pressure Chemical ◽  
Tendon Organs ◽  
Irritant Receptors

This chapter describes the pathophysiology of the respiratory system as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the control of ventilation, reflexes, pressure, chemical, and irritant receptors, J receptors, pulmonary stretch receptors, Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, DO2/VO2 relationships, carbon monoxide, pulse oximetry, effects of altitude, and dysbarism. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

ROLE OF BRONCHIAL IRRITANT RECEPTORS IN ASTHMA

The Lancet ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 317 (8210) ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Harries ◽  
P.E.G. Parkes ◽  
M.H. Lessof ◽  
T.S.C. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Irritant Receptors

Functional Immaturity of Pulmonary Irritant Receptors and Apnea in Newborn Preterm Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-518
Author(s):  
Peter J. Fleming ◽  
A. C. Bryan ◽  
M. H. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Inspiratory Effort ◽  
Silent Aspiration ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Functional Immaturity ◽  
Irritant Receptors

Absence of cough and gag reflexes has been noted in premature infants, but pulmonary irritant reflexes have not been studied. Irritant receptors respond to deflation, direct stimulation, or inhalation of irritant gases, resulting in an increased inspiratory effort. We have studied the responses of 28 intubated infants to direct bronchial mucosal stimulation with a fine catheter. Six of ten infants whose gestation was 35 weeks or more consistently showed a "mature" response, with an increase in inspiratory effort, while only one of 18 infants less than 35 weeks consistently showed this response. The premature infants showed variable able responses. Fifty-eight of 93 stimulations produced an increased inspiratory effort, followed by marked slowing or apnea, while 20 stimulations resulted in slowing or apnea alone. These paradoxical responses to irritant stimulation may be related to immaturity of vagal myelination, and may be an important factor in the frequency of silent aspiration and apnea in premature infants.

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