VIRUSES OF TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS

A competent epidermal barrier is crucial for terrestrial mammals. This barrier must keep in water and prevent entry of noxious stimuli. Most importantly, the epidermis must also be a barrier to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sunlight. Currently, the effects of ultraviolet radiation on epidermal barrier function are poorly understood. However, studies in mice and more limited work in humans suggest that the epidermal barrier becomes more permeable, as measured by increased transepidermal water loss, in response UVR, at doses sufficiently high to induce erythema. The mechanisms may include disturbance in the organisation of lipids in the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis) and reduction in tight junction function in the granular layer (the first living layer of the skin). By contrast, suberythemal doses of UVR appear to have positive effects on epidermal barrier function. Topical sunscreens have direct and indirect protective effects on the barrier through their ability to block UV and also due to their moisturising or occlusive effects, which trap water in the skin, respectively. Some topical agents such as specific botanical extracts have been shown to prevent the loss of water associated with high doses of UVR. In this review, we discuss the current literature and suggest that the biology of UVR-induced barrier dysfunction, and the use of topical products to protect the barrier, are areas worthy of further investigation.

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The formation of Congo River and the origin of bonobos: A new hypothesis

10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0016 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hiroyuki Takemoto ◽

Yoshi Kawamoto ◽

Takeshi Furuichi

Keyword(s):

Nous Avons ◽

Pan Paniscus ◽

Congo Basin ◽

Sea Floor ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Congo River ◽

Il Y A ◽

History Of ◽

Area North ◽

New Hypothesis

The Congo River functions as a strong geographical barrier for many terrestrial mammals in the Congo Basin, separating forest habitat into right and left banks of the river. However, there has been little discussion on the biogeography of the Congo Basin because the history of the river has been obscured. Based on the recent information of the sea-floor sediments near the mouth of the river and the geophysical survey on the continent, this chapter proposes a plausible hypothesis on the Congo River formation and presents a consequent hypothesis on the divergence of bonobos (Pan paniscus) from other Pan populations. The present hypothesis is also helpful for understanding the distribution of other primates and other mammals in the basin. Furthermore, this hypothesis suggests that all hominid clades, including human, chimpanzee and gorilla, except bonobo, evolved in the area north or east of the Congo River. La rivière du Congo a la fonction d’une barrière géographique forte pour plusieurs mammifères dans le bassin du Congo, séparant l’habitat forêt dans les banques gauches et droites de la rivière. Cependant, il y a eu peu de discussions sur la biogégraphie du bassin du Congo, parce que l’histoire de la rivière a été voilée. Récemment, quelque données importantes qui peuvent avoir des liens avec la formation de la rivière du Congo ont été acquise, surtout par la recherche des sédiments du fond marin près de la bouche de la rivière et par l’enquête géographique du continent. À partir de cette nouvelle information, nous avons proposé une hypothèse plausible sur la formation de la rivière du Congo. Nous avons aussi présenté une hypothèse conséquente sur la divergence des bonobos (Pan paniscus) des autres populations Pan (voire Takemoto et al., 2015 pour la publication originale de cette étude). L’hypothèse présente nous aide aussi à comprendre la distribution des autre primates et des autres mammifères dans le bassin. De plus, cette hypothèse suggère que tous les hominidés clades, humains inclus, chimpanzés et gorilla à l’exception du bonobo, ont évolué dans la régions du nord ou de l’est de la rivière du Congo.

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Ecological correlates of extinction risk in Chinese terrestrial mammals

Diversity and Distributions ◽

10.1111/ddi.13279 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lingying Shuai ◽

Chuanwu Chen ◽

Wei Liu ◽

Wenyan Xu ◽

Yun Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extinction Risk ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Ecological Correlates

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Ears in the Sky: Potential of Drones for the Bioacoustic Monitoring of Birds and Bats

Drones ◽

10.3390/drones5010009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Adrien Michez ◽

Stéphane Broset ◽

Philippe Lejeune

Keyword(s):

Forest Canopy ◽

Low Cost ◽

Population Monitoring ◽

Biodiversity Loss ◽

Active Species ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Technical Developments ◽

High Resolution Imagery ◽

Human Operators ◽

The Impact

In the context of global biodiversity loss, wildlife population monitoring is a major challenge. Some innovative techniques such as the use of drones—also called unmanned aerial vehicle/system (UAV/UAS)—offer promising opportunities. The potential of UAS-based wildlife census using high-resolution imagery is now well established for terrestrial mammals or birds that can be seen on images. Nevertheless, the ability of UASs to detect non-conspicuous species, such as small birds below the forest canopy, remains an open question. This issue can be solved with bioacoustics for acoustically active species such as bats and birds. In this context, UASs represent an interesting solution that could be deployed on a larger scale, at lower risk for the operator, and over hard-to-reach locations, such as forest canopies or complex topographies, when compared with traditional protocols (fixed location recorders placed or handled by human operators). In this context, this study proposes a methodological framework to assess the potential of UASs in bioacoustic surveys for birds and bats, using low-cost audible and ultrasound recorders mounted on a low-cost quadcopter UAS (DJI Phantom 3 Pro). The proposed methodological workflow can be straightforwardly replicated in other contexts to test the impact of other UAS bioacoustic recording platforms in relation to the targeted species and the specific UAS design. This protocol allows one to evaluate the sensitivity of UAS approaches through the estimate of the effective detection radius for the different species investigated at several flight heights. The results of this study suggest a strong potential for the bioacoustic monitoring of birds but are more contrasted for bat recordings, mainly due to quadcopter noise (i.e., electronic speed controller (ESC) noise) but also, in a certain manner, to the experimental design (use of a directional speaker with limited call intensity). Technical developments, such as the use of a winch to safely extent the distance between the UAS and the recorder during UAS sound recordings or the development of an innovative platform, such as a plane–blimp hybrid UAS, should make it possible to solve these issues.

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Camera-trapping assessment of terrestrial mammals and birds in rehabilitated forest in INIKEA Project Area, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Landscape and Ecological Engineering ◽

10.1007/s11355-020-00442-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lauretta Andrew Laneng ◽

Futoshi Nakamura ◽

Yasuyuki Tachiki ◽

Charles S. Vairappan

Keyword(s):

Camera Trapping ◽

Project Area ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Malaysian Borneo

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The scale of effect depends on operational definition of forest cover—evidence from terrestrial mammals of the Brazilian savanna

Landscape Ecology ◽

10.1007/s10980-021-01196-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christophe Amiot ◽

Cyntia Cavalcante Santos ◽

Damien Arvor ◽

Beatriz Bellón ◽

Hervé Fritz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Cover ◽

Operational Definition ◽

Brazilian Savanna ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Scale Of Effect ◽

Definition Of

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Dental functional traits of mammals resolve productivity in terrestrial ecosystems past and present

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2012.0211 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 279 (1739) ◽

pp. 2793-2799 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Liping Liu ◽

Kai Puolamäki ◽

Jussi T. Eronen ◽

Majid M. Ataabadi ◽

Elina Hernesniemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Net Primary Productivity ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Functional Trait ◽

Geological Time ◽

Crown Height ◽

Short Term ◽

Functional Interpretation ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Terrestrial Biomes ◽

The Relationship

We have recently shown that rainfall, one of the main climatic determinants of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP), can be robustly estimated from mean molar tooth crown height (hypsodonty) of mammalian herbivores. Here, we show that another functional trait of herbivore molar surfaces, longitudinal loph count, can be similarly used to extract reasonable estimates of rainfall but also of temperature, the other main climatic determinant of terrestrial NPP. Together, molar height and the number of longitudinal lophs explain 73 per cent of the global variation in terrestrial NPP today and resolve the main terrestrial biomes in bivariate space. We explain the functional interpretation of the relationships between dental function and climate variables in terms of long- and short-term demands. We also show how the spatially and temporally dense fossil record of terrestrial mammals can be used to investigate the relationship between biodiversity and productivity under changing climates in geological time. The placement of the fossil chronofaunas in biome space suggests that they most probably represent multiple palaeobiomes, at least some of which do not correspond directly to any biomes of today's world.

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