A Focus on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) Coronavirus ( SARS‐CoVs ) 1 and 2

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), shares similarities with the former SARS outbreak, which was caused by SARS-CoV-1. SARS was characterized by severe lung injury due to virus-induced cytopathic effects and dysregulated hyperinflammatory state. COVID-19 has a higher mortality rate in men both inside and outside China. In this opinion paper, we describe how sex-specific immunobiological factors and differences in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression may explain the increased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in males. We highlight that immunomodulatory treatment must be tailored to the underlying immunobiology at different stages of disease. Moreover, by investigating sex-based immunobiological differences, we may enhance our understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology and facilitate improved immunomodulatory strategies.

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Mitochondrial Organelle Transplantation Is a Potential Therapeutic for Mitochondria Dysfunction in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus Diseases

Advances in Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4236/aid.2021.113027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (03) ◽

pp. 298-309

Author(s):

Catherine C. Baucom ◽

Xian-Peng Jiang

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Sars Coronavirus ◽

Mitochondria Dysfunction

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ACE2 the Janus-faced protein – from cardiovascular protection to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and COVID-19

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20200363 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 134 (7) ◽

pp. 747-750 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Rhian M. Touyz ◽

Hongliang Li ◽

Christian Delles

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽

Basic Science ◽

Physiological Role ◽

Ang Ii ◽

Converting Enzyme ◽

Sars Coronavirus ◽

Multifunctional Protein ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Abstract Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the major enzyme responsible for conversion of Ang II into Ang-(1-7). It also acts as the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2, which causes Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. In recognition of the importance of ACE2 and to celebrate 20 years since its discovery, the journal will publish a focused issue on the basic science and (patho)physiological role of this multifunctional protein.

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Penanggulangan Virus Covid – 19 melalui Penyaluran Handsanitizer dan Sabun Cuci Tangan Alami serta Penyemprotan Disenfektan di desa Ngale, Kecamatan Pilangkenceng, Kabupaten Madiun

Batoboh ◽

10.26887/bt.v6i1.1392 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Reza Kusuma Setyansah

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Sars Coronavirus

Coronavirus merupakan keluarga besar virus yang menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia, biasanya menyebabkan penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan, mulai flu biasa hingga penyakit yang serius seperti Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) dan Sindrom Pernafasan Akut Berat/ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Coronavirus jenis baru yang ditemukan pada manusia sejak kejadian luar biasa muncul di Wuhan Cina, pada Desember 2019, kemudian diberi nama Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2), dan menyebabkan penyakit Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Salah satu cara gampang melakukan pencegahan terhadap penyebaran virus ini adalah dengan menggunakan Handsanitizer alami. Menurut Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO), Handsanitizer alami harus mengandung setidaknya 60% alkohol untuk bekerja secara efektif. Selain handsanitizer, dengan melalukan metode penyemprotan disenfektan menggunakan cairan disenfektan. Disenfektan merupakan bahan kimia yang berguna untuk mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri ataupun jasad renik pada permukaan benda mati. Pelaksanaan pengabdian kepada masyarakat mengadakan penyaluran handsanitizer dan sabun cuci tangan alami serta penyemprotan disenfektan di desa Ngale sebagai upaya pencegahan Covid-19. Metode dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan ini yaitu wawancara dan diskusi bersama kepala desa Ngale. Kegiatan ini diharapkan mampu menumbuhkan kesadaran pada masyarakat akan pentingnya menjaga kebersihan, salah satunya menjaga kebersihan tangan serta dapat memutus mata rantai penyebaran Covid-19 di desa Ngale Kec Pilangkenceng Kab Madiun.

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Autopsy in suspected COVID-19 cases

Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206522 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (5) ◽

pp. 239-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 148

Author(s):

Brian Hanley ◽

Sebastian B Lucas ◽

Esther Youd ◽

Benjamin Swift ◽

Michael Osborn

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Royal College ◽

Clinicopathological Correlation ◽

Sars Coronavirus ◽

Autopsy Findings ◽

Death Toll ◽

The World ◽

Group 3 ◽

The Uk

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) outbreak in Wuhan, China has now spread to many countries across the world including the UK with an increasing death toll. This will inevitably lead to an increase in the number of suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related deaths at autopsy. The Royal College of Pathologists has responded to this concern with the release of a briefing on autopsy practice relating to COVID-19. The following article is a summary and interpretation of these guidelines. It includes a description of hazard group 3 organisms, the category to which SARS-CoV-2 has been assigned, a brief description of what is currently known about the pathological and autopsy findings in COVID-19, a summary of the recommendations for conducting autopsies in suspected COVID-19 cases and the techniques for making the diagnosis at autopsy. It concludes by considering the clinicopathological correlation and notification of such cases.

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Comprehensive Antibody Epitope Mapping of the Nucleocapsid Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus: Insight into the Humoral Immunity of SARS

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2005.051045 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 51 (8) ◽

pp. 1382-1396 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yunfei Liang ◽

Ying Wan ◽

Li-wen Qiu ◽

Jingran Zhou ◽

Bing Ni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Surface Display ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Yeast Surface Display ◽

Antigenic Determinants ◽

Sars Coronavirus ◽

Economic Stability ◽

N Protein ◽

Diagnostic Agents ◽

Linear Epitopes

Abstract Background: The epidemic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) posed a worldwide threat to public health and economic stability. Although the pandemic has been contained, concerns over its recurrence remain. It is essential to identify specific diagnostic agents and antiviral vaccine candidates to fight this highly contagious disease. Methods: We generated 14 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid (N) protein and used these to thoroughly map the N protein antigenic determinants. We identified the immunodominant antigenic sites responsible for the antibodies in sera from SARS patients and antisera from small animals and differentiated the linear from the conformational antibody-combining sites comprising the natural epitopes by use of yeast surface display. Results: We identified 5 conformational and 3 linear epitopes within the entire N protein; 3 conformational and 3 linear epitopes were immunodominant. The antibody responses to the N protein fragments in mammalian sera revealed that 3 regions of the N protein are strong antigenic domains. We expanded the specificity of the N protein epitope and identified 4 novel conformational epitopes (amino acids 1–69, 68–213, 212–341, and 337–422). Conclusion: The antigenic structures identified for the SARS-CoV N protein, the epitope-specific mAbs, and the serum antibody profile in SARS patients have potential use in the clinical diagnosis and understanding of the protective immunity to SARS-CoV.

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Response of Memory CD8+T Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus in Recovered SARS Patients and Healthy Individuals

The Journal of Immunology ◽

10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.591 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 175 (1) ◽

pp. 591-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Huabiao Chen ◽

Jinlin Hou ◽

Xiaodong Jiang ◽

Shiwu Ma ◽

Minjie Meng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Cd8 T Cells ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Sars Coronavirus ◽

Memory Cd8 T Cells

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Blocking inflammation on the way: Rationale for CXCR2 antagonists for the treatment of COVID-19

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.20201342 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 217 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lars M. Koenig ◽

Daniel F.R. Boehmer ◽

Philipp Metzger ◽

Max Schnurr ◽

Stefan Endres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Treatment Option ◽

Neutrophil Recruitment ◽

The Novel ◽

Sars Coronavirus ◽

Promising Treatment ◽

Cxcr2 Antagonists ◽

The Way

An exacerbated and unbalanced immune response may account for the severity of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2. In this Viewpoint, we summarize recent evidence for the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and propose CXCR2 inhibition as a promising treatment option to block neutrophil recruitment and activation.

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