Hierarchical Structures: Programmable Building Blocks via Internal Stress Engineering for 3D Collective Assembly (Adv. Mater. Technol. 12/2020)

Saaty’s 1977 article is his first comprehensive publication of the ideas behind AHP. He reveals his creativity in a new method for ratio measurement that includes pairwise ratio matrices, derived ratio scales from those matrices, and checks on the consistency of data. His ingenuity in using ratio measures is revealed by the use of hierarchical structures to display priorities and then a rescaling of them in a manner that allows synthesis for a composite ratio result. Face validity is provided by many supporting examples and mathematical validity is provided by the solution to many theorems. https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v9i3.532

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Hierarchical structures via self-assembling protein-polymer hybrid building blocks

Polymer ◽

10.1016/j.polymer.2012.10.054 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 53 (26) ◽

pp. 6045-6052 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Patrick van Rijn ◽

Nathalie C. Mougin ◽

Alexander Böker

Keyword(s):

Hierarchical Structures ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Protein Polymer ◽

Self Assembling ◽

Polymer Hybrid

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ROBUSTNESS-STRENGTH PERFORMANCE OF HIERARCHICAL ALPHA-HELICAL PROTEIN FILAMENTS

International Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1142/s1758825109000058 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 01 (01) ◽

pp. 85-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

ZHAO QIN ◽

STEVEN CRANFORD ◽

THEODOR ACKBAROW ◽

MARKUS J BUEHLER

Keyword(s):

De Novo ◽

Hierarchical Structures ◽

High Strength ◽

Material Design ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Biological Materials ◽

Strength Performance ◽

Synthetic Materials ◽

Helical Protein ◽

Bioinspired Nanomaterials

An abundant trait of biological protein materials are hierarchical nanostructures, ranging through atomistic, molecular to macroscopic scales. By utilizing the recently developed Hierarchical Bell Model, here we show that the use of hierarchical structures leads to an extended physical dimension in the material design space that resolves the conflict between disparate material properties such as strength and robustness, a limitation faced by many synthetic materials. We report materiomics studies in which we combine a large number of alpha-helical elements in all possible hierarchical combinations and measure their performance in the strength-robustness space while keeping the total material use constant. We find that for a large number of constitutive elements, most random structural combinations of elements (> 98%) lead to either high strength or high robustness, reflecting the so-called banana-curve performance in which strength and robustness are mutually exclusive properties. This banana-curve type behavior is common to most engineered materials. In contrast, for few, very specific types of combinations of the elements in hierarchies (< 2%) it is possible to maintain high strength at high robustness levels. This behavior is reminiscent of naturally observed material performance in biological materials, suggesting that the existence of particular hierarchical structures facilitates a fundamental change of the material performance. The results suggest that biological materials may have developed under evolutionary pressure to yield materials with multiple objectives, such as high strength and high robustness, a trait that can be achieved by utilization of hierarchical structures. Our results indicate that both the formation of hierarchies and the assembly of specific hierarchical structures play a crucial role in achieving these mechanical traits. Our findings may enable the development of self-assembled de novo bioinspired nanomaterials based on peptide and protein building blocks.

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Polymer Liquid Crystals and Their Blends: A Hierarchy of Structures

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-255-57 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 255 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Witold Brostow ◽

Michael Hess

Keyword(s):

Liquid Crystals ◽

Building Materials ◽

Computer Modelling ◽

Hierarchical Structures ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Polymer Liquid ◽

Phase Structures ◽

Smectic Phases ◽

Polymer Liquid Crystals

AbstractHierarchical structures are possible in polymer liquid crystals (PLCs) since each molecule contains at least two kinds of building blocks that are not homeomorphic to each other. We discuss some examples of molecular structures and phase structures of monomer liquid crystals (MLCs) and PLCs: smectic phases formed by interdigitated MLC molecules; PLC molecule classification based on increasing complexity – and its consequences on properties of the materials; and formation and phase structures of LC-rich islands in PLCs and in PLC blends. Some rules pertaining to hierarchical structures are formulated. The knowledge of hierarchies is neccessary – but not sufficient – for intelligent procesing of PLCs and their blends and for achieving properties defined in advance. Computer modelling represents another important element of building materials to order.

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Nanoparticles and self-organisation: the emergence of hierarchical properties from the nanoparticle soup (i.e., the small is getting bigger). Concluding remarks for Faraday Discussion: Nanoparticle Synthesis and Assembly.

Faraday Discussions ◽

10.1039/c5fd00094g ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 181 ◽

pp. 481-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

David J. Schiffrin

Keyword(s):

Self Assembly ◽

Optical Materials ◽

Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽

Hierarchical Structures ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Main Theme ◽

Colloid Science ◽

Wide Range ◽

Properties Of Materials ◽

Discussion Format

Some four years ago, one of the participants in this Discussion (Prof. Nicholas Kotov) predicted that: “within five years we shall see multiple examples of electronic, sensor, optical and other devices utilizing self-assembled superstructures” (N. A. Kotov, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 16673–16674). Although this prediction came partially to fruition, we have witnessed an unprecedented interest in the properties of materials at the nanoscale. The point highlighted by Kotov, however, was the importance of self-assembly of structures from well characterised building blocks to yield hierarchical structures, hopefully with predictable properties, a concept that is an everyday pursuit of synthetic chemists. This Discussion has brought together researchers from a wide range of disciplines, i.e., colloid science, modelling, nanoparticle synthesis and organisation, magnetic and optical materials, and new imaging methods, within the excellent traditional Faraday Discussion format, to discuss advances in areas relevant to the main theme of the meeting.

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Organization of Nanowires into Complex 3D Assemblies by Template Electrodeposition

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/opl.2012.1151 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1439 ◽

pp. 5-10

Author(s):

Markus Rauber ◽

Wolfgang Ensinger

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Deposition ◽

Direct Synthesis ◽

Hierarchical Structures ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Template Method ◽

Complex Structures ◽

Synthesis Routes ◽

Ion Track Template

ABSTRACTTo realize applications based on nanowires, the development of methods that allow the organization of nanostructures into integrated arrangements is crucial. While many different methods exist, the direct synthesis of complex nanowire structures is one of the most suitable approaches to efficiently connect numerous nanostructures to the macroscopic world. The fabrication of various 3D nanowire assemblies including arrays, networks, and hierarchical structures by combining specifically designed template materials with electrochemical deposition is demonstrated. The ion track template method is extended to create more complex structures by changing template production and electrodeposition parameters. In contrast to current synthesis routes, it is possible to independently control many of the parameters defining both (i) characteristics of individual nanowires (including dimensions and composition) and (ii) the arrangement of the nanoscale building blocks into nanowire assemblies determined by nanowire orientation and integration level. Results that highlight the benefits arising from the design of advanced 3D nanowire architectures are presented.

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Nanoarchitectonics for Hierarchical Fullerene Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11082146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2146

Author(s):

Subrata Maji ◽

Lok Kumar Shrestha ◽

Katsuhiko Ariga

Keyword(s):

Organic Compound ◽

Volatile Organic Compound ◽

Hierarchical Structures ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Review Article ◽

Structural Motifs ◽

Fullerenes C60 And C70 ◽

Volatile Organic

Nanoarchitectonics is a universal concept to fabricate functional materials from nanoscale building units. Based on this concept, fabrications of functional materials with hierarchical structural motifs from simple nano units of fullerenes (C60 and C70 molecules) are described in this review article. Because fullerenes can be regarded as simple and fundamental building blocks with mono-elemental and zero-dimensional natures, these demonstrations for hierarchical functional structures impress the high capability of the nanoarchitectonics approaches. In fact, various hierarchical structures such as cubes with nanorods, hole-in-cube assemblies, face-selectively etched assemblies, and microstructures with mesoporous frameworks are fabricated by easy fabrication protocols. The fabricated fullerene assemblies have been used for various applications including volatile organic compound sensing, microparticle catching, supercapacitors, and photoluminescence systems.

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Hierarchically Structured Conjugated Polymers

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-1236-ss09-06 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1236 ◽

Author(s):

Holger Frauenrath

Keyword(s):

Conjugated Polymers ◽

Materials Science ◽

Electronic Materials ◽

Hierarchical Structures ◽

Science Research ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Molecular Precursors ◽

Quaternary Structures ◽

Uniform Diameter

AbstractFunctional carbonaceous materials, organic electronic materials, and polymer materials which "speak the language" of biomaterials in their propensity for hierarchical structure formation play a central role in current materials science research. In this context, we prepared hierarchically structured conjugated polymers from diacetylene macromonomers based on β-sheet-forming oligopeptide-polymer conjugates as supramolecular building blocks. The monomers gave rise to supramolecular polymers with a finite number of strands, a uniform diameter of a few nanometers, and defined superstructures. These were then converted into conjugated polymers under retention of their hierarchical structures, leading to poly(diacetylene)s with multiple-helical quaternary structures and a rich folding behavior. The diacetylene macromonomers served as a model system to improve our understanding of how to use hydrogen-bonding sites in order to control the placement of reactive molecular precursors for hierarchically structured organic materials.

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Bottom-up Chemoenzymatic Synthesis Towards Novel Fluorinated Cellulose-like Materials

10.26434/chemrxiv.11560173 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Peterson de Andrade ◽

Juan Munoz ◽

Giulia Pergolizzi ◽

Valeria Gabrielli ◽

Sergey Nepogodiev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Self Assembly ◽

Soft Matter ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Hierarchical Structures ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis ◽

Cellulose Ii ◽

Fluorinated Building Blocks ◽

A Minor

Understanding the fine details of self-assembly of building blocks into complex hierarchical structures represents a major challenge en route to the design and preparation of soft matter materials with specific properties. Enzymatically-synthesised cellodextrins are known to have limited water solubility beyond DP9, a point at which they self-assemble into particles resembling the anti-parallel cellulose II crystalline packing. We have prepared and characterized a series of site-selectively fluorinated cellodextrins of different degrees of fluorination and substitution patterns by chemoenzymatic synthesis. The structural characterization of these materials at different length scales, combining advanced NMR and microscopy methods, showed that multiply 6-fluorinated cellodextrin chains assembled into particles presenting morphological and crystallinity features that are unprecedented for cellulose-like materials. In contrast, the introduction of a single fluorine atom per cellodextrin chain had a minor impact on materials structure. Our work emphasizes the strength of combining chemoenzymatic synthesis, fluorinated building blocks and advanced NMR and microscopy methods for the thorough characterization of hierarchical structures, leading to the controlled design of new biomaterials with specific properties.

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