scholarly journals SAATY 1977: THE BUILDING BLOCKS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Wedley
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
New Method ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Ratio Measurement ◽  
Ratio Scales

Saaty’s 1977 article is his first comprehensive publication of the ideas behind AHP. He reveals his creativity in a new method for ratio measurement that includes pairwise ratio matrices, derived ratio scales from those matrices, and checks on the consistency of data.  His ingenuity in using ratio measures is revealed by the use of hierarchical structures to display priorities and then a rescaling of them in a manner that allows synthesis for a composite ratio result. Face validity is provided by many supporting examples and mathematical validity is provided by the solution to many theorems. https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v9i3.532

Directed, Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective anti-Carboboration of Alkenyl Carbonyl Compounds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Xiaohan Li ◽  
Tian Zeng ◽  
Keary Engle
Keyword(s):  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
New Method ◽  
Carbon Based

A substrate-directed enantioselective <i>anti</i>-carboboration reaction of alkenes has been developed, wherein a carbon based nucleophile and a boron moiety are installed across the C=C bond through a 5- or 6-membered palladacycle intermediate. The reaction is promoted by a palladium(II) catalyst and a mondentate oxzazoline ligand. A range of enantioenriched secondary alkylboronate products were obtained with moderate to high enantioselectivity that could be further upgraded by recrystallization. This work represents a new method to synthesize versatile and valuable alkylboronate building blocks. Building on an earlier mechanistic proposal by Peng, He, and Chen, a revised model is proposed to account for the stereoconvergent nature of this transformation.

Processability predictions for mechanically recycled blends of linear polymers

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 771-781
Author(s):  
Janne van Gisbergen ◽  
Jaap den Doelder
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
New Method ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Linear Polymers ◽  
Combined Method

AbstractRecycling of thermoplastic polymers is an important element of sustainable circular economy practices. The quality of mechanically recycled polymers is a concern. A method is presented to predict the structure and processability of recycled blends of polymers based on processability knowledge of their virgin precursor components. Blending rules at molecular weight distribution level are well established and form the foundation of the new method. Two essential fundamental building blocks are combined with this foundation. First, component and blend structure are related to viscosity via tube theories. Second, viscosity is related to melt flow index via a continuum mechanics approach. Emulator equations are built based on virtual experimental designs for fast forward and reverse calculations directly relating structure to viscosity and processability. The new combined method is compared with empirical blend rules, and shows important similarities and also clear quantitative differences. Finally, the new method is applied to practical recycling quality challenges.

scholarly journals Hierarchical structures via self-assembling protein-polymer hybrid building blocks

Polymer ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (26) ◽  
pp. 6045-6052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick van Rijn ◽  
Nathalie C. Mougin ◽  
Alexander Böker
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Protein Polymer ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Polymer Hybrid

scholarly journals ROBUSTNESS-STRENGTH PERFORMANCE OF HIERARCHICAL ALPHA-HELICAL PROTEIN FILAMENTS

2009 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 85-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHAO QIN ◽  
STEVEN CRANFORD ◽  
THEODOR ACKBAROW ◽  
MARKUS J BUEHLER
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Biological Materials ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Helical Protein ◽  
Bioinspired Nanomaterials

An abundant trait of biological protein materials are hierarchical nanostructures, ranging through atomistic, molecular to macroscopic scales. By utilizing the recently developed Hierarchical Bell Model, here we show that the use of hierarchical structures leads to an extended physical dimension in the material design space that resolves the conflict between disparate material properties such as strength and robustness, a limitation faced by many synthetic materials. We report materiomics studies in which we combine a large number of alpha-helical elements in all possible hierarchical combinations and measure their performance in the strength-robustness space while keeping the total material use constant. We find that for a large number of constitutive elements, most random structural combinations of elements (> 98%) lead to either high strength or high robustness, reflecting the so-called banana-curve performance in which strength and robustness are mutually exclusive properties. This banana-curve type behavior is common to most engineered materials. In contrast, for few, very specific types of combinations of the elements in hierarchies (< 2%) it is possible to maintain high strength at high robustness levels. This behavior is reminiscent of naturally observed material performance in biological materials, suggesting that the existence of particular hierarchical structures facilitates a fundamental change of the material performance. The results suggest that biological materials may have developed under evolutionary pressure to yield materials with multiple objectives, such as high strength and high robustness, a trait that can be achieved by utilization of hierarchical structures. Our results indicate that both the formation of hierarchies and the assembly of specific hierarchical structures play a crucial role in achieving these mechanical traits. Our findings may enable the development of self-assembled de novo bioinspired nanomaterials based on peptide and protein building blocks.

scholarly journals An expeditious and efficient bromomethylation of thiols: enabling bromomethyl sulfides as useful building blocks

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (43) ◽  
pp. 24654-24659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Silva-Cuevas ◽  
Ehecatl Paleo ◽  
David F. León-Rayo ◽  
J. Armando Lujan-Montelongo
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
New Method ◽  
Radical Chemistry ◽  
Synthetic Utility ◽  
Free Radical Chemistry

A new method for the bromomethylation of thiols using paraformaldehyde and HBr/AcOH, minimizes the generation of toxic byproducts. Synthetic utility of α-bromomethyl sulfides was demonstrated through umpolung and free radical chemistry.

scholarly journals Facile Preparation of a Superhydrophobic iPP Microporous Membrane with Micron-Submicron Hierarchical Structures for Membrane Distillation

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuicui Hu ◽  
Zhensheng Yang ◽  
Qichao Sun ◽  
Zhihua Ni ◽  
Guofei Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
High Water ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
New Method ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Lotus Effect ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Vacuum Membrane Distillation ◽  
Micro Structures

A facile method combining micro-molding with thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS) to prepare superhydrophobic isotacticpolypropylene (iPP) microporous membranes with micron-submicron hierarchical structures is proposed in this paper. In this study, the hydrophobicity of the membrane was controlled by changing the size of micro-structures on the micro-structured mold and the temperature of the cooling bath. The best superhydrophobicity was achieved with a high water contact angle (WCA) of 161° and roll-off angle of 2°, which was similar to the lotus effect. The permeability of the membrane was greatly improved and the mechanical properties were maintained. The membrane prepared by the new method and subjected to 60h vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) was compared with a conventional iPP membrane prepared via the TIPS process. The flux of the former membrane was 31.2 kg/m2·h, and salt rejection was always higher than 99.95%, which was obviously higher than that of the latter membrane. The deposition of surface fouling on the former membrane was less and loose, and that of the latter membrane was greater and steady, which was attributed to the micron-submicron hierarchical structure of the former and the single submicron-structure of the latter. Additionally, the new method is expected to become a feasible and economical method for producing an ideal membrane for membrane distillation (MD) on a large scale.

Polymer Liquid Crystals and Their Blends: A Hierarchy of Structures

1991 ◽  
Vol 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Witold Brostow ◽  
Michael Hess
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Polymer Liquid ◽  
Phase Structures ◽  
Smectic Phases ◽  
Polymer Liquid Crystals

AbstractHierarchical structures are possible in polymer liquid crystals (PLCs) since each molecule contains at least two kinds of building blocks that are not homeomorphic to each other. We discuss some examples of molecular structures and phase structures of monomer liquid crystals (MLCs) and PLCs: smectic phases formed by interdigitated MLC molecules; PLC molecule classification based on increasing complexity – and its consequences on properties of the materials; and formation and phase structures of LC-rich islands in PLCs and in PLC blends. Some rules pertaining to hierarchical structures are formulated. The knowledge of hierarchies is neccessary – but not sufficient – for intelligent procesing of PLCs and their blends and for achieving properties defined in advance. Computer modelling represents another important element of building materials to order.

Nanoparticles and self-organisation: the emergence of hierarchical properties from the nanoparticle soup (i.e., the small is getting bigger). Concluding remarks for Faraday Discussion: Nanoparticle Synthesis and Assembly.

2015 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Schiffrin
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Optical Materials ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Colloid Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Discussion Format

Some four years ago, one of the participants in this Discussion (Prof. Nicholas Kotov) predicted that: “within five years we shall see multiple examples of electronic, sensor, optical and other devices utilizing self-assembled superstructures” (N. A. Kotov, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 16673–16674). Although this prediction came partially to fruition, we have witnessed an unprecedented interest in the properties of materials at the nanoscale. The point highlighted by Kotov, however, was the importance of self-assembly of structures from well characterised building blocks to yield hierarchical structures, hopefully with predictable properties, a concept that is an everyday pursuit of synthetic chemists. This Discussion has brought together researchers from a wide range of disciplines, i.e., colloid science, modelling, nanoparticle synthesis and organisation, magnetic and optical materials, and new imaging methods, within the excellent traditional Faraday Discussion format, to discuss advances in areas relevant to the main theme of the meeting.

Organization of Nanowires into Complex 3D Assemblies by Template Electrodeposition

2012 ◽  
Vol 1439 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Markus Rauber ◽  
Wolfgang Ensinger
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Deposition ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Template Method ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Synthesis Routes ◽  
Ion Track Template

ABSTRACTTo realize applications based on nanowires, the development of methods that allow the organization of nanostructures into integrated arrangements is crucial. While many different methods exist, the direct synthesis of complex nanowire structures is one of the most suitable approaches to efficiently connect numerous nanostructures to the macroscopic world. The fabrication of various 3D nanowire assemblies including arrays, networks, and hierarchical structures by combining specifically designed template materials with electrochemical deposition is demonstrated. The ion track template method is extended to create more complex structures by changing template production and electrodeposition parameters. In contrast to current synthesis routes, it is possible to independently control many of the parameters defining both (i) characteristics of individual nanowires (including dimensions and composition) and (ii) the arrangement of the nanoscale building blocks into nanowire assemblies determined by nanowire orientation and integration level. Results that highlight the benefits arising from the design of advanced 3D nanowire architectures are presented.

scholarly journals Nanoarchitectonics for Hierarchical Fullerene Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2146
Author(s):  
Subrata Maji ◽  
Lok Kumar Shrestha ◽  
Katsuhiko Ariga
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compound ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Structural Motifs ◽  
Fullerenes C60 And C70 ◽  
Volatile Organic

Nanoarchitectonics is a universal concept to fabricate functional materials from nanoscale building units. Based on this concept, fabrications of functional materials with hierarchical structural motifs from simple nano units of fullerenes (C60 and C70 molecules) are described in this review article. Because fullerenes can be regarded as simple and fundamental building blocks with mono-elemental and zero-dimensional natures, these demonstrations for hierarchical functional structures impress the high capability of the nanoarchitectonics approaches. In fact, various hierarchical structures such as cubes with nanorods, hole-in-cube assemblies, face-selectively etched assemblies, and microstructures with mesoporous frameworks are fabricated by easy fabrication protocols. The fabricated fullerene assemblies have been used for various applications including volatile organic compound sensing, microparticle catching, supercapacitors, and photoluminescence systems.

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