Recent Progress in Production Methods for Cellulose Nanocrystals: Leading to More Sustainable Processes

Abstract Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are a class of nanoscale biopolymers produced from cellulose sources. CNC materials have gained growing interests which can be attributed to their excellent properties such as excellent biocompatibility, good mechanical properties and high aspect ratio whilst also being an inexpensive material that can be produced from green and renewable sources. Due to the abundant hydroxyl functional groups, the surface of CNC materials are ready to be tuned and functionalized via chemical reactions allowing for many different applications, such as being a reinforcing agent to be incorporated into a hydrophobic polymer matrix. In this review paper,we firstly introduce the general methods for producing CNC from different sources. Different strategies used for surface modification ofCNCare then discussed. Finally, the recent progress on the applications of CNC and CNC composite materials are described in detail.

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Recent progress on polymer scaffolds production: Methods, main results, advantages and disadvantages

eXPRESS Polymer Letters ◽

10.3144/expresspolymlett.2022.16 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 197-219

Author(s):

Thaís Larissa do Amaral Montanheiro ◽

Vanessa Modelski Schatkoski ◽

Beatriz Rossi Canuto de Menezes ◽

Raissa Monteiro Pereira ◽

Renata Guimarães Ribas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Recent Progress ◽

Polymer Scaffolds ◽

Production Methods ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages

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Preparation and Surface Functionalization of Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11071641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1641

Author(s):

Edmond Lam ◽

Usha D. Hemraz

Keyword(s):

Sulfuric Acid ◽

Functional Properties ◽

Surface Functionalization ◽

Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Colloidal Stability ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Predominant Form ◽

Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽

Hydrolysis Of

In recent years, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have emerged as a leading biomass-based nanomaterial owing to their unique functional properties and sustainable resourcing. Sulfated cellulose nanocrystals (sCNCs), produced by sulfuric acid-assisted hydrolysis of cellulose, is currently the predominant form of this class of nanomaterial; its utilization leads the way in terms of CNC commercialization activities and industrial applications. The functional properties, including high crystallinity, colloidal stability, and uniform nanoscale dimensions, can also be attained through carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs). Herein, we review recent progress in methods and feedstock materials for producing cCNCs, describe their functional properties, and discuss the initial successes in their applications. Comparisons are made to sCNCs to highlight some of the inherent advantages that cCNCs may possess in similar applications.

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Electron-Mirror Microscopic Aspects of Ferroelectric Domains of BaTiO3 And Ca2Sr (C2H5CO2)6

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100069387 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 478-479

Author(s):

Teruo Someya ◽

Jinzo Kobayashi

Keyword(s):

Surface Layer ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Quantitative Study ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Ferroelectric Domain ◽

Resolving Power ◽

Surface Pattern ◽

Crystal Surfaces ◽

One Dimensional ◽

Ferroelectric Domains

Recent progress in the electron-mirror microscopy (EMM), e.g., an improvement of its resolving power together with an increase of the magnification makes it useful for investigating the ferroelectric domain physics. English has recently observed the domain texture in the surface layer of BaTiO3. The present authors ) have developed a theory by which one can evaluate small one-dimensional electric fields and/or topographic step heights in the crystal surfaces from their EMM pictures. This theory was applied to a quantitative study of the surface pattern of BaTiO3).

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The Nature of Oxide Surfaces: Topographic and Electronic Structure

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100150666 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 966-967

Author(s):

Dawn A. Bonnell ◽

Yong Liang

Keyword(s):

Transition Metal Oxides ◽

Electronic Structures ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Spatial Localization ◽

Level Of Detail ◽

Scanning Tunneling ◽

Oxide Surfaces ◽

Tunneling Microscopy ◽

Considerable Effort ◽

Complete Understanding

Recent progress in the application of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and tunneling spectroscopy (STS) to oxide surfaces has allowed issues of image formation mechanism and spatial resolution limitations to be addressed. As the STM analyses of oxide surfaces continues, it is becoming clear that the geometric and electronic structures of these surfaces are intrinsically complex. Since STM requires conductivity, the oxides in question are transition metal oxides that accommodate aliovalent dopants or nonstoichiometry to produce mobile carriers. To date, considerable effort has been directed toward probing the structures and reactivities of ZnO polar and nonpolar surfaces, TiO2 (110) and (001) surfaces and the SrTiO3 (001) surface, with a view towards integrating these results with the vast amount of previous surface analysis (LEED and photoemission) to build a more complete understanding of these surfaces. However, the spatial localization of the STM/STS provides a level of detail that leads to conclusions somewhat different from those made earlier.

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