scholarly journals Preparation and Surface Functionalization of Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1641
Author(s):  
Edmond Lam ◽  
Usha D. Hemraz
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Surface Functionalization ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Predominant Form ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

In recent years, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have emerged as a leading biomass-based nanomaterial owing to their unique functional properties and sustainable resourcing. Sulfated cellulose nanocrystals (sCNCs), produced by sulfuric acid-assisted hydrolysis of cellulose, is currently the predominant form of this class of nanomaterial; its utilization leads the way in terms of CNC commercialization activities and industrial applications. The functional properties, including high crystallinity, colloidal stability, and uniform nanoscale dimensions, can also be attained through carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs). Herein, we review recent progress in methods and feedstock materials for producing cCNCs, describe their functional properties, and discuss the initial successes in their applications. Comparisons are made to sCNCs to highlight some of the inherent advantages that cCNCs may possess in similar applications.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS BY HYDROLYSIS IN MIXTURE OF HYDROCHLORIC AND NITRIC ACIDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Rubleva ◽  
Marina I. Voronova ◽  
Oleg V. Surov ◽  
Anatoly G. Zakharov ◽  
Ekaterina O. Lebedeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Thermal Destruction ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Polymerization Temperature ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Polarization Optical Microscopy ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have been produced by hydrothermal method in a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids in molar ratios of 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5. Hydrolysis of sulphate cellulose in the mixtures of nitric and hydrochloric acids was conducted in a sealed thick-walled stainless steel vessel with a teflon insert for 3 h at 110 °С. Properties of CNC have been characterized by applying different methods: elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, IR spectroscopy, polarization optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Yield of CNC, size and charge of the CNC particles, degree of polymerization, temperature of thermal destruction have been determined, and morphology of the CNC samples has been characterized. The highest CNC yield (32%) has been observed at a 7:3 ratio of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It has been established that the CNC particles are spherical and have an average size of 60-80 nm. An assumption has been made that presence of a strong oxidant (nitric acid) may cause hydrolysis of both amorphous and crystalline (in part) regions of cellulose, which affects the final shape of the CNC particles. It has been shown that the hydrolysis in a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids causes an oxidation of primary hydroxyl groups of the cellulose pyranose ring and formation of surface carboxyl groups. The CNC aqueous suspensions demonstrate high colloidal stability due to a rather high surface charge. It is noted that the CNC thermal stability is much higher than that of the CNC samples obtained by the standard sulfuric acid hydrolysis: the temperature of thermal destruction increases by 130-148 °С.

Catalytic hydrolysis of cellulose to levulinic acid by partly replacing sulfuric acid with Nafion® NR50 catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjun Xu ◽  
Guiheng Liu ◽  
Jinxia Fu ◽  
Shimin Kang ◽  
Yukui Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Catalytic Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The reversion reactions of d-glucose during the hydrolysis of cellulose with dilute sulfuric acid

1989 ◽  
Vol 185 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Helm ◽  
Raymond A. Young ◽  
Anthony H. Conner
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Dilute Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Manufacture of cellulose nanocrystals by cation exchange resin-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose

2011 ◽  
Vol 102 (23) ◽  
pp. 10973-10977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-rong Tang ◽  
Biao Huang ◽  
Wen Ou ◽  
Xue-rong Chen ◽  
Yan-dan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

scholarly journals Fermentability of Concentrated Sulfuric acid Hydrolyzates from Aspenwood and Pinewood

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-212
Author(s):  
Kando Janga ◽  
Nils Dyrset ◽  
Karin Øyaas ◽  
Størker Moe
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Glucose Consumption ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Ethanol Yields ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The fermentability of hydrolyzates derived from two-stage concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis of Trembling aspen (Populus tremula) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) were investigated. Three types of hydrolyzates were produced at mild, moderate and high decrystallization severity conditions. Portions of each of the original hydrolyzates were concentrated by vacuum evaporation to increase the sugar fraction to simulate industrial applications. Both sets of hydrolyzates were fermented anaerobically using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 96581. After 23 hours of fermentation, complete glucose consumption was observed for all the original hydrolyzates, with no signs of inhibition. The ethanol yields from these hydrolyzates ranged from 68% to 90% of theoretical value. Fermentation of concentrated aspen hydrolyzates produced at mild or moderate decrystallization severity showed a significant lag phase, associated with relatively high furfural content in the samples (approximately 2 g/L). No lag phase was apparent for aspen produced at high decrystallization severity or pine hydrolyzates. However, furfural had no adverse effect on the maximum ethanol yield. No inhibitory effect of HMF, acetic acid, formic acid or levulinic acid was detected in the concentrated hydrolyzates due to the relatively low concentrations of these compounds. The ethanol yields from concentrated hydrolyzates were above 97% of theoretical with exception of pine hydrolyzate produced at high severity which had a fairy good yield of 87%. The quantitative analysis of inhibitors and the fermentability investigation showed that both the original and concentrated hydrolyzates from the concentrated sulfuric acid process were readily fermentable, and furfural was singled out as the most important inhibitor in these hydrolyzates.

Freeze-Thaw and Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment of Wheat Straw for Fermentable Sugar Release

2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Ming Wang ◽  
Lian Jie Wang ◽  
Meng Yu ◽  
Hui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Sugar Release ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses of lignocellulosic materials to obtain reducing sugar can be used to produce ethanol by microbial fermentation. Effective pretreatment is necessary for optimal hydrolysis. This study investigated the positive effect of freeze-thaw treatment on low temperature sulfuric acid pretreatment for convert wheat straw to reducing sugar. Freeze-thaw treatment conditions were optimized: at -20°C for 12h, and at room temperature (25°C) for 1h, followed. After twice repeating of freeze-thaw treatment and pretreatment with 2wt% sulfuric acid for 16h at 80°C and enzymatic digestibility with 20U/g of cellulase loading, 67% cellulose and hemicelluloses were converted to glucose and xylose. The yield of furfural was decreased by 65% during sulfuric acid pretreatment. The time of acid hydrolysis was shortened by 20%.

scholarly journals Pengaruh perbandingan berat padatan dan waktu reaksi terhadap gula pereduksi terbentuk pada hidrolisis bonggol pisang

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Sri Rahayu Gusmarwani ◽  
M Sri Prasetyo Budi ◽  
Wahyudi Budi Sediawan ◽  
Muslikhin Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Banana Plant ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Cellulose Material ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Plant Waste ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

One of the promising biofuel is bioethanol which can be produced from agricultural waste cellulosic biomass such as banana plant waste. Production of banana rhizome waste in Indonesia is about 107.5 Mton annually. Banana rhizome contains 58.89% cellulose material that can be processed to produce bioethanol through biological and chemical processes. Sulfuric acid can be used in hydrolysis of cellulose material in banana plant waste to produce sugars, and Saccharomyces cereviseae can be used to convert  sugars into  bioethanol. This paper presents the result of studies on effects of solid ratio and time in hydrolysis of banana plant waste to produce sugars at 120 oC. One litre of water and 10 mL of sulfuric acid was mixed with various weight of banana plant waste then heated in an autoclave. The liquid samples were taken at various time and its sugar contents were analyzed by Lane and Eynon Methode. The  solid ratio was varied between 1:6.25, 1:5.88, 1:5.55, 1:5.25, 1:5, 1:4.75, 1:4.54, and 1:4.375 and the time was varied between 0 minute and 90 minutse with 10 minutes interval. The highest yield of glucose of 13.08 g/100 mL was achieved in 80 minutes and 1:5 of solid ratio.Keywords: Bioethanol, banana rhizome, hydrolysisAbstrakBioetanol adalah salah satu bentuk energi terbarukan yang menjanjikan. Sumber energi bioetanol dapat berasal dari limbah pertanian yang jarang dimanfaatkan seperti bonggol pisang. Produksi bonggol pisang di Indonesia mencapai 107,5 Mton per tahun. Selulosa yang terkandung dalam bonggol pisang mencapai 58,89% dapat diubah menjadi etanol melalui proses biologi dan kimia (biokimia). Untuk mengubah selulosa menjadi glukosa (gula) diperlukan proses hidrolisis dengan bantuan asam, misalnya asam sulfat (H2SO4), sedangkan untuk mengubah gula menjadi bioetanol dipergunakan ragi Saccharomyces cereviseae. Dalam makalah ini disampaikan pengaruh perbandingan berat padatan dan waktu hidrolisis terhadap glukosa yang terambil pada reaksi hidrolisis untuk mengubah selulosa pada bonggol pisang menjadi glukosa yang dilakukan pada suhu 120oC. Satu liter aquades dan 10 mL larutan asam sulfat pekat ditambahkan pada padatan dengan perbandingan (padatan:air) yang bervariasi dari 1:6,25, 1:5,88, 1:5,55, 1:5,25, 1:5, 1:4,75, 1:4,54, dan 1:4,375. Selanjutnya campuran dipanaskan dalam autoclave sampai suhu yang diinginkan tercapai (120 oC) dan dijaga konstan. Sampel diambil sebanyak 6 mL setiap 10 menit sampai waktu 90 menit tercapai. Analisis glukosa yang terbentuk dilakukan dengan metode Lane-Eynon. Hasil glukosa yang paling baik sebesar 13,08 g/100 mL didapatkan pada suhu 1200C dalam waktu 80 menit dengan perbandingan padatan:aquadest 1:5.Kata Kunci: Bioetanol, bonggol pisang, hidrolisis

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