Detection and comparison of cut-off values for total AgNOR area/nuclear area and AgNOR number/nucleus in benign thyroid nodules and normal thyroid tissue

AimsMany studies have previously reported a higher prevalence of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) in patients with Graves' disease (GD). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that are upregulated in PTC compared with benign thyroid tissue. The objective of the study was to examine the miRNA expression of selected miRNAs that are known to be upregulated in PTC in patients with GD.MethodsParaffin embedded thyroid tissue from 159 patients with GD was screened for expression of the miRNAs 146b, 181b, 21, 221 and 222 by RT-PCR. The expression profiles of four normal thyroids, 50 PTCs without concomitant GD and 11 patients with untreated GD served as the controls.ResultsThe expression pattern of these miRNAs in patients with GD is intermediate between that of benign thyroid tissue (p<0.001) and PTC (in three out of five miRNAs, p<0.001). This corresponds to a 15-fold change for GD versus PTC, and a 31-fold change for GD versus normal thyroid tissue. The miRNA expression in 11 papillary microcarcinomas found in our study (a prevalence of 0.07) was not different from that in PTC samples from patients without GD for four of five miRNA types. Furthermore, we found a significant difference in the expression of miRNA 221/222 between treated and untreated GD tissue.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we found an intermediate expression of specific miRNAs in thyroid tissue from patients with GD that fell between the expression levels found in normal thyroid glands and PTC, which suggests a possible influence of certain miRNAs on developing PTC in patients with GD.

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The Place of Elastography in Evaluating the Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation of Thyroid Nodules

The American Surgeon ◽

10.1177/000313481708301124 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 83 (11) ◽

pp. 1228-1234

Author(s):

Ufuk O. Idiz ◽

Erhan Aysan ◽

Leyla Elmas ◽

Seyma Yildiz ◽

Huseyin Akbulut

Keyword(s):

Radiofrequency Ablation ◽

Thyroid Nodule ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship

The usage of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy and elastography to treat thyroid nodules has been increasing recently. Elastography specifically measures the stiffness of tissue using ultra-sonography (US). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the elastography values of thyroid nodules and the efficacy of RFA therapy. Ultrasonography was performed on 49 patients who had a thyroid nodule with a diameter of 1 cm or greater before RFA therapy. The RFA was performed under local anesthesia, and elastography was used to measure the stiffness of the normal thyroid tissue, sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) and thyroid nodules three months after RFA. The nodule diameter significantly decreased three months after RFA (P < 0.05). According to a cross-evaluation of the mean elastography rates, the thyroid/SCM and nodule/thyroid elastography rates had an inverse relationship (P: 0.009). However, the thyroid/ SCM elastography rates and nodule/SCM elastography rates (P: 0.022) and the thyroid/SCM elastography rates and the rates of reduction (%) of the nodule diameter before and three months after RFA (P: 0.016) had positive relationships. In conclusion, RFA therapy is more effective in patients with thyroid nodules if there are high thyroid tissue/SCM rates in elastography.

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Evaluation of insulin-like growth factor II, cyclooxygenase-2, ets-1 and thyroid-specific thyroglobulin mRNA expression in benign and malignant thyroid tumours

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.1.01912 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 152 (5) ◽

pp. 785-790 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

D Fuhrer ◽

M Eszlinger ◽

S Karger ◽

K Krause ◽

C Engelhardt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Factor Ii ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Benign Thyroid Nodules ◽

Benign Thyroid ◽

Mrna Expression Levels

Objective: We evaluated three markers (insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and ets-1) of thyroid growth stimulation and cell transformation together with a thyroid-specific marker (thyroglobulin (Tg)) for their potential to differentiate benign and malignant follicular thyroid neoplasia (FN). Design and methods: mRNA expression levels were determined by real-time PCR in 100 snap-frozen thyroid samples: 36 benign thyroid nodules with different histology and function (19 cold (CTN) and 17 toxic thyroid nodules (TTN)), 36 corresponding normal thyroid tissues of the same patients, eight Graves’ disease (GD) thyroids, 10 follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC) and 10 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC). Results: Mean IGF-II and COX-2 levels were not significantly altered between benign and malignant thyroid nodules (IGF-II) or nodular (FTC, TTN, CTN) and normal thyroid tissues (COX-2). In contrast, eight- to tenfold upregulation of ets-1 was observed in PTC and three- to fourfold upregulation of ets-1 was observed in FTC (and GD) compared with benign thyroid nodules and normal thyroid tissues. In addition, thyroglobulin mRNA expression was markedly downregulated (50- to 100-fold) in FTC, PTC and GD samples compared with benign nodular and normal thyroid tissues. Hence an ets-1/Tg ratio >20 distinguished differentiated thyroid cancer from benign nodular or normal thyroid tissue. We then studied ets1- and Tg mRNA expression levels in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) samples. However, in a consecutive series of 40 FNAC samples only equivocal results were obtained on 38 benign and two malignant (FTC) thyroid tumour samples. Conclusions: Upregulation of ets-1 and downregulation of Tg mRNA expression occur in differentiated thyroid cancer and may facilitate pre-operative identification of thyroid malignancy depending on further evaluation of these potentially promising markers in a larger series of benign and malignant thyroid tumours and their FNAC samples.

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A comprehensive mass spectral library for human thyroid tissues

10.1101/2021.05.27.445992 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yaoting Sun ◽

Lu Li ◽

Weigang Ge ◽

Zhen Dong ◽

Wei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Follicular Adenoma ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Papillary Thyroid ◽

Spectral Library ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid

Thyroid nodules occur in about 60% of the population. Current diagnostic strategies, however, often fail at distinguishing malignant nodules before surgery, thus leading to unnecessary, invasive treatments. As proteins are involved in all physio/pathological processes, a proteome investigation of biopsied nodules may help correctly classify and identify malignant nodules and discover therapeutic targets. Quantitative mass spectrometry data-independent acquisition (DIA) enables highly reproducible and rapid throughput investigation of proteomes. An exhaustive spectral library of thyroid nodules is essential for DIA yet still unavailable. This study presents a comprehensive thyroid spectral library covering five types of thyroid tissue: multinodular goiter, follicular adenoma, follicular and papillary thyroid carcinoma, and normal thyroid tissue. Our library includes 925,330 transition groups, 157,548 peptide precursors, 121,960 peptides, 9941 protein groups, and 9826 proteins from proteotypic peptides. This library resource was evaluated using three papillary thyroid carcinoma samples and their corresponding adjacent normal thyroid tissue, leading to effective quantification of up to 7863 proteins from biopsy-level thyroid tissues.

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Elastography Evaluation of Benign Thyroid Nodules in Patients Affected by Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2015/367054 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carlo Cappelli ◽

Ilenia Pirola ◽

Elena Gandossi ◽

Annamaria Formenti ◽

Barbara Agosti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Needle Aspiration ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Follicular Lesions ◽

Needle Aspiration Cytology ◽

Benign Nodules ◽

Benign Thyroid Nodules ◽

Benign Thyroid

The aim of the present prospective study was to evaluate the predictive value of elastography in benign thyroid nodules of patients affected by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). From January 2011 to January 2012, 242 nodules in patients affected by HT were submitted to fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). All of the patients underwent sonography and elastography performed before FNAC. 230 (95%) nodules were benign, 8 papillary cancers, and 4 follicular lesions. Score 1 was found in 79.1% of benign lesions (sensitivity 79.1%; specificity 66.7%; PPV 97.8%; NPV 14.3%; accuracy 78.5%;p<0.05). In order to evaluate the outcome of thyroid ultrasound echogenicity in relation to elastography features of nodule(s), all the patients with benign nodules were stratified according to their hypoechoic pattern of thyroid (mild-moderate and severe). Following stratification score 1 was found in 84.2% of benign nodules (sensitivity 75.0%; specificity 88.9%; PPV 27.3%; NPV 98.4%; accuracy 88.2%;p<0.0001) of patients with a mild-moderate ultrasound thyroid hypoechogenicity, whereas it was found in 60% of benign nodules(p=0.715)of patients with a marked thyroid hypoechogenicity. Elastography appears to have limited value in detecting thyroid cancer in patients affected by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with severe hypoechoic thyroid tissue.

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Elastic Moduli of Thyroid Tissues under Compression

Ultrasonic Imaging ◽

10.1177/016173460502700204 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 101-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

A. Lyshchik ◽

T. Higashi ◽

R. Asato ◽

S. Tanaka ◽

J. Ito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elastic Moduli ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Follicular Adenoma ◽

Thyroid Tumors ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Chronic Thyroiditis ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Accurate Interpretation ◽

Sample Height ◽

Benign Thyroid

The aim of this study was to evaluate the elastic moduli of thyroid tissues under uniaxial compression and to establish the biomechanical fundamentals for accurate interpretation of thyroid elastograms. A total of 67 thyroid samples (24 samples of normal thyroid tissue, 2 samples of thyroid tissue with chronic thyroiditis, 12 samples of adenomatous goiter lesions and 7 samples of follicular adenoma, 19 samples of papillary adenocarcinoma (PAC) and 3 samples of follicular adenocarcinoma (FAC)) obtained from 36 patients who had received thyroid surgery were subjected to biomechanical testing within three hours after surgical resection at precompression strains of 5%, 10% and 20% and applied strains of 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% of sample height. As a result, the mean values of elastic moduli for benign thyroid lesions at all examined precompression levels were significantly higher than those for normal thyroid tissue measured at the same load (p<0.01). At low precompression (5%) and compression (1–2%) levels, benign thyroid nodule samples were 1.7 times harder than normal thyroid tissue. At high precompression (20%) and compression (10%) levels, this difference increased to 2.4 times. Stiffness of PAC samples was significantly higher than those for normal thyroid tissue and benign thyroid tumors measured at the same load (p<0.01). At low precompression (5%) and compression (1–2%) levels, PAC samples were 5.0 times harder than normal thyroid tissue. At high precompression (20%) and compression (10%) levels, this difference increased to 17.7 times. In contrast, samples of FAC were much softer than PAC (p<0.05) and were comparable in stiffness to normal thyroid tissues. The significant differences in the stiffness between normal thyroid tissue and thyroid tumors may provide useful information for accurate interpretation of thyroid elastograms.

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