Associations of Body Mass and Body Fat Distribution with Parity Among African-American and Caucasian Women: The CARDIA Study

Abstract Objectives To describe the changes in body fat distribution (BFD) occurring over 60 months in a group of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals starting different antiretroviral regimens. Methods A prospective ongoing fat change assessment including clinical evaluation and dual X-ray absorptiometry scan is being conducted in all consecutive patients initiating ART from January 2008. Arm, leg, trunk, and total fat as well as fat mass ratio were determined. Results A total of 146 patients were included (80% male, 40% MSM). Mean age was 44 years, HIV-1 RNA was 4.98 log10 copies/mL, and CD4 count was 254 cells/μL. The most common initial antiretroviral combination included non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor (NNRTI) drugs followed by protease inhibitor (PI) and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens. At month 36, an increase was seen in the body mass index (BMI), total fat, trunk fat, and limb fat. The fat mass ratio (FMR) also showed a significant increase in both men and women (P = 0.001). In patients receiving NNRTI- or INSTI-based regimens (but not PIs), there was a marginal but statistically significant increase in the FMR (0.10 and 0.07, respectively; P = 0.01). Sixty-two subjects completed 60 months of follow-up. FMR showed a significant increase even in the PI group at this time point (P < 0.03). Conclusions We observed a significant increase in the fat and lean body mass in all compartments and treatment groups over 36 and 60 months. Clinically irrelevant differences were found in fat distribution regardless of the treatment group and baseline characteristics. The data suggest that current antiretroviral regimens have little impact on BFD during the first years of treatment.

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Response of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis to High-Protein/Fat and High-Carbohydrate Meals in Women with Different Obesity Phenotypes

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.87.8.8718 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 87 (8) ◽

pp. 3984-3988 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Valentina Vicennati ◽

Luana Ceroni ◽

Lorenza Gagliardi ◽

Alessandra Gambineri ◽

Renato Pasquali

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Hpa Axis ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

High Carbohydrate

Subjects with abdominal obesity are characterized by hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Food intake, particularly at noon, is a well-known inducer of HPA axis activation. Whether obese subjects present an abnormal response to meals containing different macronutrient proportions is at present unknown. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of a high-lipid/protein meal (HLP-meal) and a high-carbohydrate meal (HCHO-meal) on the HPA axis activity in women with different obesity phenotypes. Nondepressed, noncomplicated obese (body mass index greater than 28 kg/m2) women with abdominal (A-BFD) (n = 10) and peripheral body fat distribution (P-BFD) (n = 9) and a group of 11 normal-weight controls were investigated in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. They were randomly given an 800-kcal HCHO-meal (containing 89% carbohydrates, 11% proteins, 0% lipids), and an 800-kcal HLP-meal (containing 53% lipids, 43% proteins, 4% carbohydrates), which were eaten within 15 min at noon, with an interval of 2 d between each meal. Blood samples for ACTH, cortisol, glucose, and insulin were obtained at 15-min intervals before and after each meal. Baseline hormone and glucose concentrations in the three groups were similar. After the HLP-meal, ACTH tended to similarly but insignificantly increase in all groups, whereas cortisol increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the P-BFD group and insignificantly in the other groups. Conversely, both ACTH and cortisol significantly (P < 0.05) increased only in the A-BFD group, without any significant changes in both controls and P-BFD women. The analysis of the interaction between meals and groups clearly indicated that the cortisol response to the HLP-meal and the HCHO-meal was significantly different (P < 0.025) between the two obese groups, the A-BFD group being characterized by a significantly lower response to the HLP-meal and a significantly higher response to the HCHO-meal, compared with the P-BFD group. Considering all groups together and after adjusting for body mass index, a highly significant relationship was found between cortisol-area under the curve and ACTH-area under the curve after each meal test. However, no relationships were found between changes in ACTH and cortisol and those of glucose, insulin, and the glucose:insulin ratio after each meal. Therefore, our data demonstrate that the response of the HPA axis to meals containing different macronutrient proportions may depend on the pattern of body fat distribution. We also suggest that the activation of the HPA axis following the ingestion of large amounts of carbohydrates may have some pathophysiological relevance, specifically in women with the abdominal obesity phenotype.

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Measurements of body fat distribution: assessment of collinearity with body mass, adiposity and height in female adolescents

Revista Paulista de Pediatria (English Edition) ◽

10.1016/s2359-3482(15)30032-4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 63-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patrícia Feliciano Pereira ◽

Hiara Miguel Stanciola Serrano ◽

Gisele Queiroz Carvalho ◽

Sônia Machado Rocha Ribeiro ◽

Maria do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Female Adolescents

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Body Mass Index Is Associated with Increased Creatinine Clearance by a Mechanism Independent of Body Fat Distribution

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2008-2508 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 94 (10) ◽

pp. 3781-3788 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Fernando Gerchman ◽

Jenny Tong ◽

Kristina M. Utzschneider ◽

Sakeneh Zraika ◽

Jayalakshmi Udayasankar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Creatinine Clearance ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution

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Animal fat frequency intake, body mass index and body fat distribution in patients with different blood lipid levels

Atherosclerosis ◽

10.1016/s0021-9150(99)80502-4 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 128-129

Author(s):

N. Kisseleva ◽

A. Olferiev ◽

A. Mitiaev ◽

R. Oganov

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Animal Fat ◽

Blood Lipid Levels

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Osteocalcin is inversely associated with adiposity and leptin in adolescent boys

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2014-0432 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (5-6) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jaak Jürimäe ◽

Evelin Lätt ◽

Jarek Mäestu ◽

Meeli Saar ◽

Priit Purge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Adolescent Boys ◽

Pubertal Stage ◽

Daily Energy

AbstractRecently, osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast-derived hormone, has been found to correlate with adiposity, adipocytokines and insulin resistance in adults, but few studies have investigated this in children. The aim of this study was to investigate these associations in adolescent boys, for whom it is a time of significant bone mineral accrual, taking into account possible confounders related to adipose and bone tissues.Participants were 141 adolescent boys (mean age 13.9±0.7 years), who were divided into tertiles according to OC levels. Across these groups, differences in total body fat mass (FM), body fat distribution, adiponectin, leptin and insulin resistance values were examined with relation to age, pubertal stage, daily energy and calcium intakes, and physical activity.Mean body mass index (BMI), FM, body fat% and leptin differed significantly between subjects in the three OC tertiles after adjustment for age, pubertal stage, energy and calcium intakes, and physical activity. There were no differences in fat free mass (FFM), bone mineral content, energy and calcium intakes, physical activity, adiponectin and insulin resistance values between study groups. For the entire cohort, mean serum OC was 130.2±45.2 ng/mL and was related to body mass, BMI, FM, body fat distribution and leptin. Circulating OC was not associated with FFM, daily energy and calcium intakes, physical activity, adiponectin or insulin resistance (insulin, glucose, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) values.In male adolescents, OC is inversely related to body adiposity and leptin values, even after consideration of several factors that may affect bone and adipose tissues.

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