AbstractTargeting large area and low cost processing of highly efficient thin film solar modules an advanced stacked elemental layer process for Cu(InGa)Se2 (CIGS) thin films is presented. Key process steps are i) barrier coating of the soda lime glass substrate combined with the addition of a sodium compound to the elemental Cu/In/Ga/Se-precursor stack and ii) rapid thermal processing (RTP) to form the CIGS compound.By this strategy exact impurity control is achieved and the advantageous influence of sodium on device performance and on CIGS film formation is demonstrated unambiguously by means of electrical characterisation, XRD, SEM, TEM and SIMS. Sodium enriched and sodium free precursor stacks were heated to intermediate states (300°C–500°C) of the RTPreaction process. The experiment clearly reveals that on the reaction pathway to the chalcopyrite semiconductor increased amounts of copper-selenide are formed, if sodium is added to the precursor films. TEM-electron diffraction unambiguously identifies the CuSe-phase which is localised at the surface of the forming CIGS-film. These experimental findings propose a sodium assisted quasi liquid growth model for the CIS formation taking into account that sodium promotes the existence of CuSe at higher temperatures and its effect as a flux agent. The model contributes to a better understanding of the observed superior crystal qualitiy for sodium enriched in contrast to sodium free CIGS films.Application of these experimental findings in the technique of the optimized and controlled sodium incorporation significantly improves process reproducibility, CIGS film homogenity over larger substrate areas and shifts the average efficiency of cells and modules to a significantly higher level. This is demonstrated by a 12-cell integrated series connected minimodule with an aperture area of 51 cm2 and a confirmed efficiency of 11.75 %.
Interdiffusion between silica thin films and soda‐lime glass substrate during annealing at high temperature