Anaplastic thyroid cancer and primary thyroid lymphoma: A review of these rare thyroid malignancies

<p class="abstract">Isolated primary thyroid lymphoma and lesion in the thyroid gland presenting as a lymphoma, both are uncommon entities. This subgroup of thyroid malignancies is managed in different ways as compared to common thyroid malignancies. A 63-year-old male diagnosed as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the thyroid gland underwent for F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT). It revealed isolated FDG avid soft tissue mass in left lobe of thyroid gland. After two and six cycles of chemotherapy, PET-CT was perfomed and response assessed in Deauville scores. </p>

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OR21-05 Primary Thyroid Lymphoma Developing from a Background of Lymphocytic Thyroiditis: First Report in Mice

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1326 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Yoshinori Yasuda ◽

Fabiana Pani ◽

Patrizio Caturegli

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Thyroid Gland ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Thyroid Ultrasound ◽

Papillary Thyroid ◽

Thyroid Lymphoma ◽

Lymphocytic Thyroiditis ◽

Primary Thyroid Lymphoma

Abstract Primary thyroid lymphoma is rare, accounting for less than 5% of all thyroid malignancies. It typically develops in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis who have approximately a 70 fold higher risk than other patients. The mechanisms underlying the development of thyroid lymphoma remain unclear, and no mouse model has been described. For our studies of papillary thyroid cancer and lymphocytic thyroiditis, we crossed TPO-Cre-ER transgenic mice and hBRAFV600E knock-in mice onto the NOD.H2h4 background to establish TPO-Cre-ER_ hBRAFV600E NOD.H2h4 strain where papillary thyroid cancer is induced by the injection of tamoxifen and thyroiditis by the administration of iodine in the drinking water. Mice injected with corn oil or drinking regular water served as control. In 3 of 121 mice, TPO-Cre-ER_ hBRAFV600E NOD.H2h4 mice injected with corn oil and drinking iodinated water we observed the development of thyroid lymphoma. At about 6 months after the injection of corn oil, these mice developed a marked increase in the size of the thyroid gland, which appeared hypoechoic on thyroid ultrasound. Fine needle aspiration on the thyroid gland under ultrasound was performed, along with measurement of TPO antibodies, H&E thyroid histology, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry at the time of sacrifice. Histology established a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma with the typical Reed Sternberg cells. Flow cytometry identified an increased frequency of CD8+ effector memory T cells in the thyroid lymphoma. TPO antibodies were significantly higher in mice with thyroid lymphoma than in those without, perhaps suggesting their utility as predictive biomarkers. In summary, we report a mouse model of thyroid lymphoma that evolves from a background of lymphocytic thyroiditis with a predictable natural course that can be monitored by thyroid ultrasound and TPO antibodies. This model can be used to study the mechanisms and development of thyroid lymphoma in patients.

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Emergency Thyroidectomy: A Rare Case

Otorhinolaryngology Clinics - An International Journal ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10003-1149 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 47-49

Author(s):

Nitin Gupta

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Thyroid Gland ◽

Rare Case ◽

Rare Tumor ◽

Neck Swelling ◽

Thyroid Lymphoma ◽

Primary Thyroid Lymphoma ◽

Thyroid Malignancies

ABSTRACT Primary thyroid lymphoma is a rare tumor of the thyroid gland, accounting for 1 to 2% of all thyroid malignancies. The mainstay of treatment for lymphamas is chemoradiation but thyroidectomy is required for patients with large thyroid gland presenting with obstructive symptoms, such as stridor. We present here such a case of a 54-year-old female who had presented in the emergency department of our institute with a huge neck swelling and stridor. Emergency thyroidectomy was done to relieve stridor. How to cite this article Gupta N, Varshney S. Emergency Thyroidectomy: A Rare Case. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2014;6(1):47-49.

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Treatment Outcomes in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Journal of Thyroid Research ◽

10.1155/2019/8218949 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kelsey L. Corrigan ◽

Hannah Williamson ◽

Danielle Elliott Range ◽

Donna Niedzwiecki ◽

David M. Brizel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Surgical Resection ◽

External Beam Radiotherapy ◽

Performance Status ◽

Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer ◽

Disease Recurrence ◽

Median Number ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

New Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Thyroid Malignancies

Background. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is rare, accounting for 1-2% of thyroid malignancies. Median survival is only 3-10 months, and the optimal therapeutic approach has not been established. This study aimed to evaluate outcomes in ATC based on treatment modality. Methods. Retrospective review was performed for patients treated at a single institution between 1990 and 2015. Demographic and clinical covariates were extracted from the medical record. Overall survival (OS) was modeled using Kaplan Meier curves for different treatment modalities. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the relationships between treatment and disease characteristics and OS. Results. 28 patients with ATC were identified (n = 16 female, n = 12 male; n = 22 Caucasian, n = 6 African-American; median age 70.9). Majority presented as Stage IVB (71.4%). Most patients received multimodality therapy. 19 patients underwent local surgical resection. 21 patients received locoregional external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with a median cumulative dose of 3,000 cGy and median number of fractions of 16. 14 patients received systemic therapy (n = 11 concurrent with EBRT), most commonly doxorubicin (n = 9). 16 patients were never disease free, 11 patients had disease recurrence, and 1 patient had no evidence of disease progression. Median OS was 4 months with 1-year survival of 17.9%. Regression analysis showed that EBRT (HR: 0.174; 95% CI: 0.050–0.613; p=0.007) and surgical resection (HR: 0.198; 95% CI: 0.065–0.598; p=0.004) were associated with improved OS. Administration of chemotherapy was not associated with OS. Conclusions. Anaplastic thyroid cancer patients receiving EBRT to the thyroid area/neck and/or surgical resection had better OS than patients without these therapies, though selection bias likely contributed to improved outcomes since patients who can undergo these therapies tend to have better performance status. Prognosis remains poor overall, and new therapeutic approaches are needed to improve outcomes.

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Core needle biopsy could reduce diagnostic surgery in patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer or thyroid lymphoma

European Radiology ◽

10.1007/s00330-015-3921-y ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 1031-1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Eun Ju Ha ◽

Jung Hwan Baek ◽

Jeong Hyun Lee ◽

Jae Kyun Kim ◽

Dong Eun Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Core Needle Biopsy ◽

Needle Biopsy ◽

Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer ◽

Thyroid Lymphoma ◽

Core Needle

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New opportunities for preoperative diagnosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer

Head and neck tumors (HNT) ◽

10.17650/2222-1468-2021-11-1-34-40 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 34-40

Author(s):

S. A. Lukyanov ◽

S. V. Sergiyko ◽

S. E. Titov ◽

Yu. A. Veryaskina ◽

A. M. Mudunov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Preoperative Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer ◽

Papillary Thyroid ◽

Control Groups ◽

Study Objective ◽

Benign Nodules ◽

Thyroid Malignancies

Background. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most aggressive human tumors. Since median survival of ATC patients is only 4 months, its early diagnosis is very important. Although ATC has specific clinical manifestations, the analysis of expression of different microRNAs can facilitate preoperative diagnostics and help to detect its potential precursors among differentiated cancers and other thyroid malignancies.The study objective is to identify microRNAs specific for ATC that are different from microRNAs in other thyroid cancers.Materials and methods. We analyzed the expression of 14 microRNAs in histological specimens of 67 patients with ATC. The control groups included 25 patients with benign nodules, 36 patients with follicular adenomas, 32 patients with follicular cancer, and 152 patients with papillary thyroid cancer. For 7 out of 67 ATC patients, we compared mi-croRNA levels in histological and cytological specimens.Results. Patients with ATC demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the expression of miR-145, miR-125b and increase in the expression of miR-155 and miR-21 compared to all control groups. We found two reliable diagnostic markers of ATC: relative miR-21 expression (at a cutoff of 14.9, sensitivity was 0.955 and specificity was 0.837) and the miR-21/miR-145 ratio (at a cutoff of 122, sensitivity was 0.955 and specificity was 0.955). The level of miR-21 expression and miR-21/miR-145 ratio in cytological specimens were accurate in all 7 cases (100 %).Conclusion. the level of expression of specific microRNAs can be used as a reliable biomarker for ATC. The consistency between the results obtained in cytological and histological specimens enables the use of stained cytological samples for this analysis.

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Primary Thyroid Lymphoma

Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.21276/apalm.2735 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. C74-77

Author(s):

Sripriya Krishnan ◽

I V Renuka ◽

C H Ramya ◽

Harshitha .

Keyword(s):

Rare Condition ◽

Histopathological Diagnosis ◽

Neck Swelling ◽

Thyroid Lymphoma ◽

Primary Thyroid Lymphoma ◽

Thyroid Malignancies ◽

Loss Of Appetite ◽

Hodgkin's Lymphomas ◽

Secondary Lymphoma ◽

Extensive Surgery

Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is a rare condition and accounts for 5% of all thyroid malignancies. They constitute less than 2 % of all lymphomas. Most PTL’s are non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. It is clinically essential to discriminate between primary or secondary lymphoma of the thyroid as the treatment and prognosis varies. It commonly occurs in women in their sixth and seventh decade. Primary thyroid lymphoma is quite curable without the need for extensive surgery if diagnosed early. We present such a case of a 60- year old female patient presenting with complaints of neck swelling with loss of appetite and dysphagia. Histopathological diagnosis confirmed Primary thyroid lymphoma of B cell origin which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.

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Primary Thyroid Lymphoma in an Adolescent with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Congenital Deafness

Clinical Oncology and Research ◽

10.31487/j.cor.2020.05.11 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Yeleni Eelen ◽

Jaques van Heerden ◽

Joris Verlooy ◽

Koen Norga ◽

Thomas Tousseyn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Usher Syndrome ◽

B Cell Lymphoma ◽

Paediatric Population ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Congenital Deafness ◽

Thyroid Lymphoma ◽

Thyroid Mass ◽

Primary Thyroid Lymphoma ◽

Thyroid Malignancies

Background: Primary thyroid lymphoma is extremely rare in children and adolescents. The diagnosis of thyroid malignancies is often made secondary to other thyroid pathologies including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Case Presentation: This case describes a 14-year-old girl with a background of HT and congenital deafness that presented with a rapidly enlarging multinodular thyroid mass. She underwent a total thyroidectomy and a diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma was diagnosed on pathology. Discussion: Primary thyroid disease is an extremely rare disease in childhood, usually presenting as a rapidly enlarging goitre. The correlation between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and primary thyroid lymphoma is well-established in adults but has not been verified in the paediatric population. Our patient also has βthalassemia and Usher syndrome, however, no correlation between these and primary thyroid lymphoma could be found in the literature. Conclusion: It is important to include malignancy in the differential diagnosis of thyroid enlargement or unexplained symptoms, especially in the presence of syndromes. Further research into the relation between lymphomas and HT in the paediatric population is needed.

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