Volatility spillover among prices of crude oil, natural gas, exchange rate, gold, and stock market: Fresh evidence from exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic model analysis

The radon method, used previously in ocean-atmosphere systems, is used here to determine the gas-exchange rate between the atmosphere and lake 227 of the Experimental Lakes Area. Fertilization of the lake with nitrogen and phosphorus caused the carbon dioxide partial pressure in the lake water to drop well below atmospheric levels; hence, in order to better understand the carbon budget of the lake, an estimate of the CO2 gas-exchange rate was necessary.To determine gas-exchange rates by measuring radon evasion to the atmosphere the source of radon in the lake water must be dissolved radium. Since the radon concentration in lakes derives not only from the decay of dissolved radium but also from the inflow of radon-rich groundwaters, radium was added to the lake to increase the radon concentration well above this fluctuating background level. Although this procedure was complicated by algal uptake of the radium in the lake (Emerson and Hesslein 1973), we were able to place limits on the gas-exchange rate.Our results indicate that the "stagnant boundary layer" thickness is approximately 300 μ. This value is among the largest observed in natural waters. Using this value and the partial pressure of CO2 in the lake water we have calculated an invasion rate of 17 ± 8 mmoles CO2/m2 day.

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Ventilation and gas exchange in lizards during treadmill exercise.

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.200.20.2629 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 200 (20) ◽

pp. 2629-2639

Author(s):

T Wang ◽

D R Carrier ◽

J W Hicks

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Minute Ventilation ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Lung Ventilation ◽

Iguana Iguana ◽

Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽

Gas Exchange Rate ◽

Treadmill Locomotion

The extent to which lizards ventilate their lungs during locomotion is controversial. Direct measurements of airflow across the nostrils suggest a progressive reduction in tidal volume and minute ventilation with increased running speed, while other studies have demonstrated that arterial PO2 remains constant during exercise. To resolve these conflicting findings, we measured minute ventilation and gas exchange rate in five specimens of Varanus exanthematicus and five specimens of Iguana iguana during treadmill locomotion at speeds between 0.14 and 1.11ms-1 at 35 degrees C. These speeds are much lower than maximal running speeds, but are greater than the maximal aerobic speed. In both species, the ventilatory pattern during locomotion was highly irregular, indicating an interference between locomotion and lung ventilation. In Varanus exanthematicus, treadmill locomotion elicited a six- to eightfold increase in minute ventilation from a pre-exercise level of 102mlkg-1min-1, whereas the rate of oxygen uptake increased approximately threefold (from 3.9 to 12.6mlkg-1min-1). After exercise, both minute ventilation and gas exchange rate decreased immediately. Because minute ventilation increased more than did oxygen consumption, an increase in lung PO2 during exercise is predicted and, thus, Varanus exanthematicus appears effectively to ventilate its lungs to match the increased metabolic rate during locomotion at moderate speed. In Iguana iguana, both minute ventilation and gas exchange rate increased above resting values during locomotion at 0.28ms-1, but both decreased with further increases in locomotor speed. Furthermore, following exercise, both minute ventilation and oxygen uptake rate increased significantly. Iguana iguana, therefore, appears to be unable to match the increased oxygen demand with adequate ventilation at moderate and higher speeds.

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A Wind-Driven Gas Exchange Rate Model

Environmental Engineering Science ◽

10.1089/ees.2018.0139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 344-349

Author(s):

Zhiyong Duan

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Rate Model ◽

Gas Exchange Rate

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Incorporating the gas analyzer response time in gas exchange computations

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1979.47.5.1118 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 1118-1122 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R. R. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Response Time ◽

Measurement Errors ◽

Computation Time ◽

Numerical Differentiation ◽

Carbon Dioxide Production ◽

Gas Analyzer ◽

Simple Method ◽

Gas Exchange Rate

A simple method for including the gas analyzer response time in the breath-by-breath computation of gas exchange rates is described. The method uses a difference equation form of a model for the gas analyzer in the computation of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production and avoids a numerical differentiation required to correct the gas fraction wave forms. The effect of not accounting for analyzer response time is shown to be a 20% underestimation in gas exchange rate. The present method accurately measures gas exchange rate, is relatively insensitive to measurement errors in the analyzer time constant, and does not significantly increase the computation time.

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Measuring the volatility spill-over effects of crude oil prices on the exchange rate and stock market in Ghana

Journal of International Trade & Economic Development ◽

10.1080/09638199.2019.1692895 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 420-439

Author(s):

Mutawakil M. Zankawah ◽

Chris Stewart

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Stock Market ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Oil Prices ◽

Crude Oil Prices ◽

The Exchange Rate

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Physiological and biomass partitioning shifts to water stress under distinct soil types in Populus deltoides saplings

Journal of Plant Ecology ◽

10.1093/jpe/rtaa042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 545-553

Author(s):

Senlin Yang ◽

Jian Shi ◽

Lianghua Chen ◽

Jian Zhang ◽

Danju Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Nitrogen Metabolism ◽

Populus Deltoides ◽

Soil Types ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

N Assimilation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Gas Exchange Rate

Abstract Aims Although soil environments exist extensive heterogeneity for many plants with a wide range of distribution, researches about effects of soil conditions on plants’ tolerance and adaptation are particularly inadequate. In our study, the aims are to reveal physiological strategies of Populus deltoides against drought stress under different soil conditions and to select the most suitable soil type for P. deltoides plantation. Methods Under controlled conditions, we used P. deltoides as a model species to detect differences in gas exchange rate, antioxidative capacity, nitrogen metabolism and biomass accumulation and partitioning in response to drought stress under three mineral soil types with distinct physicochemical characters, i.e. red soil (RS), yellow soil (YS) and yellow-brown soil (BS). Important Findings Exposure to 25% of field water holding capacity in soil for 3 months had significantly decreased biomass of all organs, photosynthetic rate, enzyme activities related to N assimilation, but increased H2O2, malondialdehyde and content of both NO3− and NH4+, when P. deltoides was planted in both RS and YS. In contrast, under BS, there are slightly negative effects exerted by water deficit on total biomass, gas exchange rate, activities of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism and membrane damage caused by reactive oxygen species, which can be associated with a consistent increase in superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, and a higher ratio of root mass to shoot mass. It is concluded that, such higher capacity in tolerance and adaptation against drought stress under BS relative to both RS and YS could be accounted for more sufficient nutrient provision in soil parental materials and better soil aeration conditions which play a vital role in plant acclimation to water shortage. Our study also revealed that, distribution areas of BS might be preferable for cultivation of P. deltoides, when compared with those of RS and YS.

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