Subjectifying the Personality State: Theoretical Underpinnings and an Empirical Example

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1036
Author(s):  
Gal Lazarus ◽  
Haran Sened ◽  
Eshkol Rafaeli
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic State ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Cross Model ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Intensive Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Clinical Models

Recent developments in personality research highlight the value of modelling dynamic state–like manifestations of personality. The present work integrates these developments with prominent clinical models addressing within–person multiplicity and promotes the exploration of models centred on state–like manifestations of personality that function as cohesive organizational units. Such units possess distinct subjective qualities and are characterized by specific affects, behaviours, cognitions, and desires that tend to be co–activated. As background, we review both theory and research from the fields of social cognition, psychotherapy, and psychopathology that serve as the foundation for such models. We then illustrate our ideas in greater detail with one well–supported clinical model—the schema therapy mode model, chosen because it provides a finite and definite set of modes (i.e. cohesive personality states). We assessed these modes using a newly developed experience–sampling measure administered to 52 individuals (four times daily for 15 days). We estimated intraindividual and group–level temporal and contemporaneous networks based on the within–person variance as well as between–person network. We discuss findings from exemplar participants and from group–level networks and address cross–model particularities and consistencies. In conclusion, we consider potential idiographic and nomothetic applications of subjective states dynamic personality research based on intensive longitudinal methods. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Subjectifying the personality state: Theoretical underpinnings and an empirical example

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Affect and Relationships Lab
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic State ◽  
Schema Therapy ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Cross Model ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Intensive Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Clinical Models

Recent developments in personality research highlight the value of modeling dynamic state-like manifestations of personality. The present work integrates these developments with prominent clinical models addressing within-person multiplicity and promotes the exploration of models centered on state-like manifestations of personality that function as cohesive organizational units. Such units possess distinct subjective qualities, and are characterized by specific affects, behaviors, cognitions, and desires that tend to be co-activated. As background, we review both theory and research from the fields of social cognition, psychotherapy, and psychopathology that serve as the foundation for such models. We then illustrate our ideas in greater detail with one well-supported clinical model – the schema therapy mode model, chosen because it provides a finite and definite set of modes (i.e., cohesive personality states). We assessed these modes using a newly-developed experience-sampling measure administered to fifty-two individuals (four times daily for fifteen days). We estimated intraindividual and group-level temporal and contemporaneous networks based on the within-person variance as well a between-person network. We discuss findings from exemplar participants and from group-level networks, and address cross-model particularities and consistencies. In concluding, we consider potential idiographic and nomothetic applications of subjective states dynamic personality research based on intensive longitudinal methods.

The Use of Intensive Longitudinal Methods in Explanatory Personality Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haran Sened ◽  
Gal Lazarus ◽  
Marci E.J. Gleason ◽  
Eshkol Rafaeli ◽  
William Fleeson
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Intensive Longitudinal Methods ◽  
State Models

Intensive longitudinal methods (ILMs), in which data are gathered from participants multiple times with short intervals (typically 24 hours or less apart), have gained considerable ground in personality research and may be useful in exploring causality in both classic personality trait models and more novel contextualized personality state models. We briefly review the various terms and uses of ILMs in various fields of psychology and present five main strategies that can help researchers infer causality in ILM studies. We discuss the use of temporal precedence to establish causality, through both lagged analyses and natural experiments; the use of external measures and peer reports to go beyond self–report data; delving deeper into repeated measures to derive new indices; the use of contextual factors occurring during the measurement period; and combining experimental methods and ILMs. These strategies are illustrated by examples from existing research and by new empirical findings from two dyadic daily diary studies ( N = 80 and N = 108 couples) and an experience sampling method study of personality states ( N = 52). We conclude by offering a short checklist for designing ILM studies with causality in mind and look at the applicability of these strategies in the intersection of personality psychology and other psychological research domains. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

Clinical models of stress

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Mjajm Hoes
Keyword(s):  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Axis Ii ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Load Perception

Background:Here we propose a stress model with disease-specific aspects and aspecific factors. The latter are subdivided into load (perception, psychic defence mechanisms), strain (psychophysiological responses) and stress sensu strictu (biological and behavioural compensation). Insufficiently compensated strain will result in being sick and precipitation of a specific disease according to one's predisposition. In the clinical practice, multiconditionality requires a multidimensional analysis, the the five-axial DSM-system being designed especially for this purpose. Multidisciplinary treatment is then organized accordingly, i.e. Axis I: case management, medication; Axis II, (focal) psychotherapy; Axis III, somatic specialists; Axis IV, social worker; Axis V, psychotherapy for coping deficits.Objective:To test the efficacy of this multimethodical approach.Method:In a 1-year prospective study of 257 admissions in a department of psychiatry in a general hospital, the General Health Questionnaire (30 items) was filled out at admission, discharge and first polyclinical visit post-discharge.Results:The 213 evaluable questionnaires at admission did not show differences (17–18.9) between the four groups, mood disorders (62%), alcoholism (17%), psychoses (15%) and anxiety disorders (6%). At discharge all four groups had reached the cut-off value for ‘not-sick’ (< 6), this remaining so at follow-up; the three measurements differed significantly throughout the patient groups. Hospitalization was definitely 28.2 days shorter than the Dutch mean of 42 days.Conclusions:Working to the proposed clinical model for multiconditionalty is effective on intensity and duration of disorders, sustained improvement is attained.

scholarly journals Digital technology and changing roles: a management accountant’s dream or nightmare?

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-238
Author(s):  
Roy-Ivar Andreassen
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Management Accountants ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Recent developments in digital technology have revitalized interest in the relationship between technology and management accounting. Yet, few empirical in-depth studies have assessed how digital technologies influence the roles of management accountants. This paper builds on the concept of jurisdiction to illuminate the relationship between management accountants, expert knowledge and digital technology. The study identifies and describes competition over jurisdiction between management accountants and other groups of employees. The study describes a shift for divisional management accountants towards narrower roles in their tasks and expectations, while business-oriented roles at group level are found to entail expanding tasks and expectations. In doing so, management accountants are divided into two divergent categories facing different expectations: divisional and group level management accountants. Through a case study in the technology-oriented finance sector, the paper contributes to the debate on the roles of management accountants in a number of ways. First, it describes how digital technology can contribute to narrower and more specialized roles. Second, it describes how digital technology can contribute to competition between professions. Third, it elucidates how digital technology contributes to changes in the behaviour of decision makers, and in their expectations toward, and the involvement of, management accountants. Fourth, it details how the changes contributed by digital technology in the roles of management accountants can act as mediators in the identity-work of management accountants. Finally, it empirically describes the relationships between digital technology and management accountants’ roles.

Objections to the HEXACO Model of Personality Structure—and why those Objections Fail

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Ashton ◽  
Kibeom Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
European Association ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Hexaco Model

The six–dimensional HEXACO model of personality structure and its associated inventory have increasingly been used in personality research. But in spite of the evidence supporting this structure and demonstrating its advantages over five–dimensional models, some researchers continue to use and promote the latter. Although there has been little overt, organized argument against the adoption of the HEXACO model, we do hear sporadic offerings of reasons for retaining the five–dimensional systems, usually in informal conversations, in manuscript reviews, on social media platforms, and occasionally in published works. In this target article, we list all of the objections to the HEXACO model that we have heard of, and we then explain why each objection fails. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

Personality research—challenges for the future

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Development ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Individual Functioning ◽  
Emotional System

This article is about the lessons that can be learned from the mistakes of the past. After a critical, constructive analysis of current theorizing and research, important directions of future personality psychology are described against the background of a general theoretical framework. It is argued that individual functioning cannot be understood or explained if the environmental factors that are operating in the individual's interactions with the environment and the biological factors that are constantly interacting with the cognitive‐emotional system are not considered. Finally, the article focuses on conceptual and methodological issues that are of major importance for further progress in personality psychology, viz. (a) the match between level of psychological processes and type of data, (b) the nature of psychological phenomena studied in terms of variables, (c) the use of chronological age as the marker of individual development, and (d) the comparison between a variable and a person approach.

When Do Intended Performance Standards Predict Goal-Related Affect? A Motivated-Reasoning Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
Allison M. Sweeney ◽  
Antonio L. Freitas
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Motivated Cognition ◽  
Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Intensive Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Daily Diary Studies ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance

This research used intensive longitudinal methods to examine a motivated cognition perspective on intention–behavior discrepancies. We propose that under conditions of high performance, people are more inclined to evaluate their efforts in light of their intentions; thus, discrepancies between intentions and performance should have stronger impacts on goal-related affect under conditions of high (vs. low) performance. Secondary data analyses were conducted on two daily-diary studies in which participants reported their exercise, goal-related affect, and next-day intentions across 14 days. Under conditions of low performance, people felt negative about their performance irrespective of whether they typically set low versus high intentions. On days with high performance, average intentions significantly related to affect, such that those with low average intentions experienced the greatest satisfaction. Additionally, we observed that average (between-person) affect, but not within-person fluctuations in affect, predicted daily levels of exercise behavior. Implications for self-regulatory theories of affect are discussed.

A Framework for Testing Causality in Personality Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Costantini ◽  
Marco Perugini
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
European Association ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Candidate Target ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Over Time

Causal explanations in personality require conceptual clarity about alternative causal conditions that could, even in principle, affect personality. These causal conditions crucially depend on the theoretical model of personality, each model constraining the possibility of planning and performing causal research in different ways. We discuss how some prominent models of personality allow for specific types of causal research and impede others. We then discuss causality from a network perspective, which sees personality as a phenomenon that emerges from a network of behaviours and environments over time. From a methodological perspective, we propose a three–step strategy to investigate causality: (1) identify a candidate target for manipulation (e.g. using network analysis), (2) identify and test a manipulation (e.g. using laboratory research), and (3) deliver the manipulation repeatedly for a congruous amount of time (e.g. using ecological momentary interventions) and evaluate its ability to generate trait change. We discuss how a part of these steps was implemented for trait conscientiousness and present a detailed plan for implementing the remaining steps. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

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