When Do Intended Performance Standards Predict Goal-Related Affect? A Motivated-Reasoning Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
Allison M. Sweeney ◽  
Antonio L. Freitas
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Motivated Cognition ◽  
Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Intensive Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Daily Diary Studies ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance

This research used intensive longitudinal methods to examine a motivated cognition perspective on intention–behavior discrepancies. We propose that under conditions of high performance, people are more inclined to evaluate their efforts in light of their intentions; thus, discrepancies between intentions and performance should have stronger impacts on goal-related affect under conditions of high (vs. low) performance. Secondary data analyses were conducted on two daily-diary studies in which participants reported their exercise, goal-related affect, and next-day intentions across 14 days. Under conditions of low performance, people felt negative about their performance irrespective of whether they typically set low versus high intentions. On days with high performance, average intentions significantly related to affect, such that those with low average intentions experienced the greatest satisfaction. Additionally, we observed that average (between-person) affect, but not within-person fluctuations in affect, predicted daily levels of exercise behavior. Implications for self-regulatory theories of affect are discussed.

scholarly journals Πότε τα χαρισματικά παιδιά παρουσιάζουν χαμηλή επίδοση;

2017 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Ανδρονίκη Γάκη ◽  
Αλέξανδρος-Σταμάτιος Αντωνίου
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Educational Methods ◽  
Asynchronous Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
Biological Development ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance

The purpose of this chapter is to outline the phenomenon of low performance often seen in the training of charismatic children. In particular, charisma is considered to be the ability of the child to achieve a particularly high performance in one or more areas and is usually perceived as an asynchronous development between his cognitive, emotional and biological development. "Under-performance" means a student's low performance, which runs counter to his / her mental potential and the potential that this entails. In fact, it is a mismatch between possibilities and performance and refers to the pupil's image, which while having the potential, but the results of his effort are not the expected ones. The causes are attributed to the different way of learning adopted by charismatic children, to their desire to be accepted by their peers, while the family environment also plays an important role. For this reason, the role of the educator, who must be aware of the importance of timely intervention and of using the appropriate educational methods for the integration of the child into the group, is important. 

scholarly journals The Relationships Between Physical Performance, Activity Levels, and Falls in Older Men

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1475-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S Orwoll ◽  
Nora F Fino ◽  
Thomas M Gill ◽  
Jane A Cauley ◽  
Elsa S Strotmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Activity ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Activity

Abstract Background Physical performance and activity have both been linked to fall risk, but the way they are jointly associated with falls is unclear. We investigated how these two factors are related to incident falls in older men. Methods In 2,741 men (78.8 ± 5 years), we evaluated the associations between activity and physical performance and how they jointly contributed to incident falls. Activity was assessed by accelerometry. Physical performance was measured by gait speed, dynamic balance (narrow walk), chair stand time, grip strength, and leg power. Falls were ascertained by tri-annual questionnaires. Results Men were grouped into four categories based on activity and performance levels. The greatest number of falls (36%–43%) and the highest fall rate (4.7–5.4/y among those who fell) (depending on the performance test) occurred in men with low activity/low performance, but most falls (57%–64%) and relatively high fall rates (3.0–4.35/y) occurred in the other groups (low activity/high performance, high activity/high performance and high activity/low performance; 70% of men were in these groups). There were interactions between activity, performance (gait speed, narrow walk), and incident falls (p = .001–.02); predicted falls per year were highest in men with low activity/low performance, but there was also a peak of predicted falls in those with high activity. Conclusions In community-dwelling older men, many falls occur in those with the lowest activity/worst physical performance but fall risk is also substantial with better activity and performance. Activity/physical performance assessments may improve identification of older men at risk of falls, and allow individualized approaches to prevention.

Lateralizing Significance of Wisc Verbal-Performance Discrepancies for Older Children with Learning Disabilities

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron P. Rourke ◽  
Gabor A. Telegdy
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Verbal Iq ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance

45 9- to 14-yr.-old right-handed boys (IQ range: 85 to 115) with learning disabilities were distributed into three groups on the basis of their WISC Verbal IQ and Performance IQ scores: the high performance-low verbal (HP-LV) group, the verbal equal to performance (V = P) group, and the high verbal-low performance (HV-LP) group. The three groups were equated for age and Full Scale IQ. The performance of these Ss on 25 measures indicated clear superiority of the HP-LV group on most measures of complex motor and psychomotor abilities, regardless of the hand employed. Although expectations involving differential hand superiority of the HP-LV and HV-LP groups were not supported, the results were considered consistent with the view that WISC VIQ-PIQ discrepancies reflect the differential integrity of the two cerebral hemispheres in older children with learning disabilities.

The Use of Intensive Longitudinal Methods in Explanatory Personality Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haran Sened ◽  
Gal Lazarus ◽  
Marci E.J. Gleason ◽  
Eshkol Rafaeli ◽  
William Fleeson
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Intensive Longitudinal Methods ◽  
State Models

Intensive longitudinal methods (ILMs), in which data are gathered from participants multiple times with short intervals (typically 24 hours or less apart), have gained considerable ground in personality research and may be useful in exploring causality in both classic personality trait models and more novel contextualized personality state models. We briefly review the various terms and uses of ILMs in various fields of psychology and present five main strategies that can help researchers infer causality in ILM studies. We discuss the use of temporal precedence to establish causality, through both lagged analyses and natural experiments; the use of external measures and peer reports to go beyond self–report data; delving deeper into repeated measures to derive new indices; the use of contextual factors occurring during the measurement period; and combining experimental methods and ILMs. These strategies are illustrated by examples from existing research and by new empirical findings from two dyadic daily diary studies ( N = 80 and N = 108 couples) and an experience sampling method study of personality states ( N = 52). We conclude by offering a short checklist for designing ILM studies with causality in mind and look at the applicability of these strategies in the intersection of personality psychology and other psychological research domains. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Customer Satisfaction, Efficiency, and Capital Structure as Determinants of Performance Transportation Companies in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
◽  
Abdullah Sanusi ◽  
Hendragunawan S. Thayf ◽  
Nur Alamzah
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study aimed to describe the influence of customer satisfaction, efficiency and optimal capital structure to the increase of the performance of transportation companies in Indonesia. The study was designed in the relationship between variables. The data used is secondary data obtained from the Indonesian Capital Market Directory (ICMD) and the website of 22 companies that were used as samples for 3 years. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics analysis to test the hypothesis. The result showed that the efficiency affected customer satisfaction and was reflected in the sales growth of the company. However, it did not have an impact on the level of capital structure as reflected in DER and the performance which reflected in ROA. We also found that there was an indirect effect on the efficiency of the capital structure and performance through customer satisfaction. We also found that there is a significant indirect influence on the efficiency and the performance through customer satisfaction and capital structure. Customer satisfaction capital affects the structure. When customer satisfaction is high, which is reflected in higher sales growth aspect, it will have an impact on the high capital structure, which is reflected in DER. The result shows that customer satisfaction has an effect on the performance. When customer satisfaction is high, which is reflected in higher sales growth aspect, it will have an impact on the high performance, which is reflected in aspects of ROA. The result also indicates that capital structure affects the performance. When a capital structure is high, which is reflected by the high DER aspects, it will impact on the high performance, which is reflected on aspects of ROA.

Performance Norms and Performance by Teams in Basketball Competition

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 770-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Basketball Teams

An analysis of relations between performance norms and performance of basketball teams was carried out on scores of 612 athletes belonging to 54 basketball teams in Korea. Groups with high performance in a tournament showed higher performance norms than groups with low performance.

Significance of WISC Verbal-Performance Discrepancies for Younger Children with Learning Disabilities

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron P. Rourke ◽  
Dianne M. Dietrich ◽  
Gerald C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Verbal Iq ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Group A ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Verbal Performance

82 5- to 8-yr.-old children (IQ range 79 to 120) exhibiting learning disabilities were divided into three groups on the basis of their WISC Verbal IQ and Performance IQ: a high Performance IQ-low Verbal IQ group, a Verbal IQ equal to Performance IQ group, and a high Verbal IQ-low Performance IQ group. The three groups were equated for age and Full Scale IQ. The performance of these Ss on selected measures of verbal, auditory-perceptual, visual-perceptual, problem-solving, motor, and psychomotor abilities did not yield the same clear-cut differences observed in previous studies with older (9- to 14-yr.-old) children with learning disabilities who had been divided into groups on the basis of WISC Verbal IQ-Performance IQ discrepancies of an identical magnitude. These results argue for very guarded clinical inrerpretation of WISC Verbal IQ-Performance IQ discrepancies of this magnitude in the case of younger children exhibiting learning disabilities.

scholarly journals The Role of the Motivation in Changes and Performance Assessment of the Managerial Staff in Kosovo Businesses

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Hidajet Karaxha ◽  
Halit Karaxha ◽  
Berim Ramosaj
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Performance Culture ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Managerial Staff

Performance evaluation functions as an important tool in adjusting performance potential by removing intermediate barriers and motivating human resources. Each business objectives relate to performance motivation, helping individuals to improve their skills, creating a performance culture, determining which should be promoted, and eliminating employees who have low performance. The paper deals with the moderating role of performance evaluation in motivating managers in Kosovo businesses. This paper consists of the use of a methodology that incorporates a combination of primary and secondary data. The majority of secondary data includes research relevant literature from different libraries, the latest scientific research. Primary data constitute field findings from businesses interviewed in Kosovo. In this study, quantitative approach was used. This approach consists of data collection and analysis in various forms. In order to determine the impact of performance evaluation on motivation of managerial staff, a questionnaire was drafted. This questionnaire was addressed to owners/co-owners, directors, general directors, and all managers in Kosovo's businesses. The last part of this paper is related to discussion of results, conclusions, and recommendations.

scholarly journals A Class Practice Study of Intervention Effect of Interactive Assessment on Learning Goal Orientation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Yokoyama ◽  
Kazuhisa Miwa
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Peer Assessment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Learning Goal ◽  
Learning Goal Orientation ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Avoidance Goal

While focusing on the moderating effects of initial performance-approach goal orientation and performance-avoidance goal orientation, this study aimed to examine the effects of self- and peer-assessment on the growth of learning goal orientation. We set up a control group and two experimental groups (self-assessment and peer-assessment groups) and conducted experimental lessons. The responses of the 63 subjects (control group: n = 14; self-assessment group: n = 25; peer-assessment group: n = 24) who attended these lessons were analyzed. The following observations were made: (1) the effect of peer-assessment on the growth of learning goal orientation may change depending on the initial performance-approach goal orientation or performance-avoidance goal orientation; (2) to increase learning goal orientation for students who have high performance-approach goal orientation or low performance-avoidance goal orientation, peer-assessment is effective; and (3) to increase learning goal orientation for students who have low performance-approach goal orientation or high performance-avoidance goal orientation, peer-assessment appears to be counterproductive.

Tell me only what I want to know: Congruent self-motivation and feedback

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1523-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Huang Lin ◽  
Yidan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Practical Implications

Electronic equipment has enabled consumers to track their behavior and better understand themselves. To investigate whether or not the data provided by quantification devices result in enjoyment for the users, we invited 456 Taiwanese students to take part in an experiment. We examined the interrelationship of user enjoyment and congruent or incongruent feedback from a computer program with self-motivation and performance level. The results demonstrated that mismatched feedback and self-motivation decreased users' enjoyment and matched feedback and self-motivation increased their enjoyment. However, both these effects were attenuated for participants in the low-performance condition as compared with the effect for participants in the high-performance condition. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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