Personality and personality disorders: introduction to the special issue

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Ostendorf ◽  
Rainer Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Personality Theories ◽  
Made In

The study of extreme variants of phenomena has always been a challenge for science. While the science of personality has roots in several traditions, historically numerous personality theories and constructs for the assessment and explanation of individual differences have strongly been influenced by the progress made in conceptualizing extreme states of psychological functioning. Yet, division of labour resulted in psychiatry and clinical psychology focusing on deviant or maladaptive and personality psychology specializing on the normal range of individual differences. This special issue of the European Journal of Personality is driven by the idea that linking the study of personality and psychopathology offers insights that neither discipline can achieve on its own. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Introduction to Psychophysiology of Human Personality

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Human Personality ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Personality Theories ◽  
Psychological Concepts

The analysis of historical data has shown that there have been numerous attempts in exploring and understanding individual differences in human personality. Many of them have been using the arousal construct seemed as the most dominant one. Since then, personality psychology has revealed many personality theories and measurement methods as a theoretical and methodological frame in understanding human personality. Besides that, the same researchers and many others have tried to explain human personality and its various psychological concepts using different psychophysiological methods. Therefore, contemporary psychophysiology of personality includes all research on the biological basis of personality underlying trait-like differences in psychological functioning. This section will provide a detailed overview of the psychophysiology of human personality along with the most intriguing research questions.

The language division of labour across occupations: an introduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amado Alarcón Alarcón
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Communicative Skills ◽  
Language Knowledge ◽  
Made In

Abstract This Special Issue contributes to the understanding of the role of language division of labour across occupations. Articles on this Issue contributes to sociological understanding and critical dialog with human capital perspective in the context of Information Society, where language have a central role in production precesses. It is, since information as raw material and product is linguistically encoded, language occupies a central role in new forms of division of labour. Main question in this introduction and following articles is to what extend social changes of information centrality at the production level involves reproduce or create new social inequalities observables through the lens of language division of labour within occupations. Although progress has been made in cross-cutting knowledge about competencies in the information and digital environment, little is known about specific linguistic needs across to occupational classifications. Given the widespread of alphabetization, literacy is today’s taken for granted in common sense as a condition sine qua non for entering labour markets, instead of a stratifier across occupations and social structure. Nevertheless, in this Special Issue authors show that language of origin, second language knowledge, and other literacies, such as communicative skills become key stratifier factors. This is observable both at the territorial level, types of literacies as well in specific and sophisticated language professions.

scholarly journals Personality Psychology

Psychology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Latzman ◽  
Yuri Shishido
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Individual Person ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Broad Field ◽  
Diverse Field ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dynamic Organization

The title of “Godfather of Personality” may well be ascribed to Gordon Allport, who was the first to make public efforts to promote the “field of personality” in the 1930s (see Allport and Vernon 1930, cited under Gordon Allport). Personality psychology—located within what many argue is the broadest, most encompassing branch of psychological science—can be defined as the study of the dynamic organization, within the individual, of psychological systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings (see Allport 1961, also cited under Gordon Allport). The field of personality psychology is concerned with both individual differences—that is, the way in which people differ from one another—and intrapersonal functioning, the set of processes taking place within any individual person. The area of personality psychology is often grouped with social psychology in research programs at universities; however, these are quite different approaches to understanding individuals. While social psychology attempts to understand the individual in interpersonal or group contexts (i.e., “when placed in Situation A, how do people, in general, respond?”), personality psychology investigates individual differences (i.e., “how are people similar and different in how they respond to the same situation?”). Personality psychology has a long history and, as such, is an extremely large and broad field that includes a large number of approaches. Discerning readers will quickly note that the current chapter is largely focused on what has come to be the most commonly studied perspective, the trait approach. Those readers interested in other approaches are referred to a number of resources focusing on Other Approaches within the diverse field.

scholarly journals Traits and Adaptations: A Theoretical Examination and New Empirical Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Henry ◽  
René Mõttus
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Environment Model ◽  
Personality Theories ◽  
Empirical Implications

We investigated the distinction between traits (also labelled basic tendencies or dispositions) and (characteristic) adaptations, two related features of the personality system postulated to influence how personality manifests throughout the lifespan. Traits are alleged to be universal, causal, and enduring entities that exist across cultures and through evolutionary time, whereas learned adaptations are acquired through sustained interaction with cultural, physical, and social environments. Although this distinction is central to several personality theories, they provide few measurable criteria to distinguish between traits and adaptations. Moreover, little research has endeavoured to operationalize it, let alone test it empirically. Drawing on insights from four frameworks—the Five–Factor Theory, Cybernetic Big Five Theory, Disposition–Adaptation–Environment Model, and New Big Five—we attempted to investigate the distinction both theoretically and empirically. Using various experimental rating conditions, we first scored 240 questionnaire items in their degrees of definitionally reflecting traits and/or adaptations. Next, we correlated these definitional ratings with the items’ estimates of rank–order stability, consensual validity, and heritability—criteria often associated with personality traits. We found some evidence that items rated as more trait–like and less adaptation–like correspond to higher cross–rater agreement and stability but not heritability. These associations survived controlling for items’ retest reliability, social desirability, and variance. The theoretical and empirical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Introduction to the Special Issue on Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Science: Processes, Principles, and Analytic Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-542
Author(s):  
Yvonne Barnes-Holmes ◽  
Dermot Barnes-Holmes ◽  
Ciara McEnteggart ◽  
Michael J. Dougher ◽  
Carmen Luciano
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Special Issue

scholarly journals Lassa Fever: Viral Replication, Disease Pathogenesis, and Host Immune Modulations

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Hinh Ly
Keyword(s):  
Lassa Fever ◽  
West African ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Made In

Despite major discoveries made in the last few decades about Lassa fever, there are still many unresolved key issues that hamper the development of effective vaccines and therapies against this deadly disease that is endemic in several West African countries. Some of these issues include the lack of a detailed understanding of the viral and participating host factors in completing the virus life cycle, in mediating disease pathogenesis or protection from disease, and in activating or suppressing host innate and cellular immunity against virus infection, as well as of the animal models required for testing vaccines and therapeutics. This Special Issue is devoted to understanding some of these important issues and to exploring the current status of the research and development in combating Lassa fever.

William Stern (1871–1938), Eclipsed Star of Early 20th-Century Psychology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Lamiell
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Child Psychology ◽  
Comprehensive System ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Administrative Roles ◽  
The University

In the literature of mainstream scientific psychology, German scholar William Stern has been known primarily (if at all) as the inventor of the intelligence quotient (IQ). In fact, however, Stern’s contributions to psychology were much greater and more consequential than this. In this all-inclusive article, I have sought to provide readers with a fuller appreciation for the breadth and depth of Stern’s work, and, in particular, for that comprehensive system of thought that he elaborated under the name “critical personalism.” Drawing frequently on translated quotations from Stern’s published works, and on his personal correspondence with the Freiburg philosopher Jonas Cohn, I have endeavored to show how Stern was much more than “the IQ guy.” During the first 20 years of his academic career, spent at the University of Breslau in what is now the Polish city of Wroclaw, Stern founded that sub-discipline of psychology that would be concentrated on the study of individual differences in various aspects of human psychological functioning. He also made major contributions to that sub-discipline referred to at the time as “child” psychology, and laid the foundations for a comprehensive system of thought that he would name “critical personalism.” After relocating to Hamburg in 1916, Stern continued his scholarly efforts in these domains, taught courses both in psychology and in philosophy at the university that opened its doors there in 1919, and played major administrative roles there in the institutional homes of both disciplines until forced to flee Nazi Germany in 1934. The present chapter highlights ways in which, over the course of his scholarly career, Stern boldly opposed certain trends within mainstream thinking that were ascendant during his time.

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