Choosing the best cropping systems to target pleiotropic effects when managing single-gene herbicide resistance in grass weeds. A blackgrass simulation study

In 2003, a random survey was conducted across the Western Australian wheatbelt to establish the frequency and distribution of herbicide resistance in ryegrass populations infesting crop fields. Five hundred cropping fields were visited at crop maturity, and ryegrass seed was collected in 452 of these fields. Subsequently, each crop field population was screened with herbicides of various modes of action that are commonly used for ryegrass control in Australian cropping systems. Most of these ryegrass populations were found to be resistant to the ACCase-inhibitor herbicide diclofop-methyl (68%) and the ALS-inhibitor herbicide sulfometuron (88%). A comparison of resistance levels in the same agronomic zones surveyed 5 years earlier determined that there had been an increase of 20 percentage points in the frequency of resistance over this 5-year period. This survey also determined that the majority (64%) of populations were found to be multiple resistant to both diclofop-methyl and sulfometuron. The distribution patterns of the collected populations indicated that there were higher frequencies of resistant and developing resistance populations occurring in the intensively cropped regions of the wheatbelt, which had greater herbicide selection pressure. Of concern is that 24% and 8% of populations were found to be developing resistance to trifluralin and clethodim, respectively. Currently these herbicides are heavily relied upon for control of ACCase and ALS herbicide resistant ryegrass. Nearly all populations remain susceptible to glyphosate. Ryegrass across the WA wheatbelt now exhibits multiple resistance across many but not all herbicides, posing severe management and sustainability challenges.

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Pleiotropic effects of a single gene on skeletal development and sensory system patterning in sticklebacks

EvoDevo ◽

10.1186/2041-9139-5-5 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Margaret G Mills ◽

Anna K Greenwood ◽

Catherine L Peichel

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Development ◽

Single Gene ◽

Sensory System ◽

Pleiotropic Effects

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Field Evaluation of Herbicide-resistant Transgenic Broccoli

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.5.930 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 930-932 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

D. Waterer ◽

S. Lee ◽

G. Scoles ◽

W. Keller

Keyword(s):

Gene Transfer ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Single Gene ◽

Field Performance ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Parental Line ◽

Single Application ◽

Dominant Trait ◽

Butanoic Acid ◽

Herbicide Resistant

This study examined the field performance and herbicide resistance of lines of broccoli (Brassica oleracea Italica Group) generated from plants transformed for resistance to the herbicide glufosinate by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Seedling vigor and vegetative growth characteristics of the first recombinant generation (R1) produced by selfing the transformed lines were comparable to those of the F1 parent (cv. Cruiser) and an equivalent nontransformed F2 line. In hand-weeded trials, marketable yields of the R1-transformed lines were comparable to the parental line or the corresponding nontransformed F2 line. A single application of the recommended rate of the nonselective herbicide glufosinate slowed the growth and reduced yields of nontransformed broccoli, but had little effect on head quality or yields of most transformed lines. Inheritance of herbicide resistance in the R1 progeny of the R0 transgenic plants followed standard Mendelian ratios for a completely dominant trait controlled by a single gene. The results confirm the potential for improvement of broccoli through the incorporation of herbicide resistance by gene transfer technology. Chemical name used: 2-amino-(4-hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid (glufosinate, phosphinothricine).

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Assessment of pleiotropic effects of a gene substitution in pea by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/119.3.705 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 119 (3) ◽

pp. 705-710

Author(s):

L D Gottlieb ◽

D de Vienne

Keyword(s):

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Single Gene ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel ◽

Pleiotropic Effects ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Near Isogenic Lines ◽

Gene Substitution ◽

Isogenic Lines ◽

The Many

Abstract We examined, by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), near-isogenic lines of the r-gene in pea (Pisum sativum) which determines round (RR) vs. wrinkled (rr) seed. The study was undertaken to assess the number of protein changes resulting from a single gene substitution as a means of quantifying pleiotropic effects. A total of 636 to 770 resolvable polypeptides were identical in all respects between RR and rr for roots, shoots, leaflets, stipules, young ovaries, and young embryos. A single difference between the lines became evident about 21-23 days after anthesis in the embryos. Mature seeds of the two lines showed 62 spot differences in addition to differences in four clusters of spots, representing about 10% of the total number of spots visible on the gels. The protein differences are presumably involved in the many known physiological differences of the two seed types. 2-D PAGE analyses of near-isogenic lines are likely to be valuable in a number of quantitative and developmental genetic contexts.

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Weed management in wide-row cropping systems: a review of current practices and risks for Australian farming systems

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp08130 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

pp. 395 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

S. C. Peltzer ◽

A. Hashem ◽

V. A. Osten ◽

M. L. Gupta ◽

A. J. Diggle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Crop Damage ◽

Species Dominance ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Management Technology

Growing agricultural crops in wide row spacings has been widely adopted to conserve water, to control pests and diseases, and to minimise problems associated with sowing into stubble. The development of herbicide resistance combined with the advent of precision agriculture has resulted in a further reason for wide row spacings to be adopted: weed control. Increased row spacing enables two different methods of weed control to be implemented with non-selective chemical and physical control methods utilised in the wide inter-row zone, with or without selective chemicals used on the on-row only. However, continual application of herbicides and tillage on the inter-row zone brings risks of herbicide resistance, species shifts and/or changes in species dominance, crop damage, increased costs, yield losses, and more expensive weed management technology.

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The nature and consequence of weed spread in cropping systems

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450009295x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 337-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Donald C. Thill ◽

Carol A. Mallory-Smith

Keyword(s):

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Weed Management ◽

Short Distance ◽

Crop Production ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Management Options ◽

Crop Species ◽

Weed Seeds ◽

Pollen Movement

Weeds spread through movement of seeds and vegetative reproductive propagules. Pollen movement can spread weedy traits, such as herbicide resistance, between related weed and crop species. Weed seeds can spread short or long distances by natural plant dehiscence mechanisms, wind, water, animals, and man&s activities. This symposium paper is a practical review of short-distance spread of weed seeds in and between nearby arable fields and noncrop lands, examining some of the causes of spread and subsequent effects on crop production. Pollen movement, as it affects the spread of herbicide resistance, also is considered a component of short-distance weed spread. Specific weed management options can be used to reduce man-caused weed seed spread within and between nearby fields, thus reducing potential crop yield losses. Long-term management will be more difficult for weed seed spread by natural dispersal mechanisms.

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