Developing traps for the overwintering tree‐of‐heaven weevils Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus and E. brandti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

In May Sinclair’s fiction, images of sacrifice abound. From the self-abnegating Katherine Haviland in Audrey Craven (1897) to the eponymous antiheroine of The Life and Death of Harriett Frean (1922), Sinclair’s central characters seem to be eternally struggling with the issue of renunciation. The treatment of the theme is heterogeneous in many of Sinclair’s texts, not least in the novel The Tree of Heaven, which both condemns and praises personal sacrifice for a higher or communal purpose. This displays a fundamental insecurity about the nature, function and value of sacrifice. It is this ambivalence, which underlies so much of Sinclair’s fiction, in combination with the individual mixture of philosophies in her work, that will be explored here. This chapter investigates the concept of sacrifice in the war novel The Tree of Heaven and how it is connected to community and feminism. In order to find an understanding of sacrifice as proposed by Sinclair, and its meaning in the lives of both women and men in the context of early 20th century England, the chapter discusses the crossroads in the text between sacrifice, idealism, feminism, and the nation-wide feeling of community that appears to be required in wartime.

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Ethanol Extracts of Oenothera laciniata sprout, Equisetum arvense L., and Ailanthus altissima Leaves Improve Antioxidant Activities in D-galactose Induced Aging Rat Model

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 94-94

Author(s):

Hyoeun Yoo ◽

Hyun-Sook Kim ◽

Hyunjin Kim ◽

Songhee Ahn ◽

Xiangqin Zhou

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Rat Model ◽

Ailanthus Altissima ◽

Control Group ◽

Equisetum Arvense ◽

Evening Primrose ◽

Tree Of Heaven ◽

Aging Rat ◽

Antioxidative Effects ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Abstract Objectives Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL), Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L., EAL), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima, AA) leaves are all reported to be rich of flavonoids. This study was performed to determine the antioxidative effects of Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata), Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) leaves ethanol extracts in d-galactose induced aging rat model. Methods After 3weeks of adaptation period, 12-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5 each): Control group (C), D-galactose induced aging group (G), D-galactose injection with tomato treatment positive control group (PC), D-galactose injection with OL treatment group (O), D-galactose injection with EAL treatment group (E), D-galactose injection with AA treatment group (A). All groups except C group were intraperitoneally injected with D-galactose for 12 weeks and C group was treated with saline as a substitute. Results After 8 weeks of oral treatment period, there was no significant difference in body weight among six groups. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration levels increased significantly in G group compared to C group (P < 0.05). Serum advanced glycation end (AGE) concentration levels decreased significantly in O group and A group compared to G group (P < 0.05). Liver MDA level decreased significantly in O, E, A groups compared to G group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima, AA) extract consumption can ameliorate antioxidative activities by suppressing oxidative stress in d-galactose induced aging rat model. Further research is under progress to clarify the mechanism of antioxidative effects. Funding Sources This study was partly funded and cooperated by Ministry of Commerce Industry and Energy.

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Worldwide Feeding Host Plants of Spotted Lanternfly, With Significant Additions From North America

Environmental Entomology ◽

10.1093/ee/nvaa093 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 999-1011 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lawrence Barringer ◽

Claire M Ciafré

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Host Plant ◽

North American ◽

Host Plants ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Potential Range ◽

Feeding Behaviors ◽

Invasive Insect ◽

Tree Of Heaven ◽

Host Plant Use

Abstract The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White) is an invasive insect spreading throughout southeast Asia and eastern North America. The rapid spread of this species is facilitated by the prevalence of its preferred host, tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), as well as its use of many other host plants. While the spotted lanternfly has been previously reported to use over 65 plant species, most of these reports are from Asia and may not be applicable in North America. Additionally, many of the known hosts have not been specified as feeding hosts or as egg laying substrates. To better understand the potential impacts of this invasive insect on natural and cultivated systems in North America, we reviewed records from published and unpublished results and observations of host plant use by spotted lanternfly. We aggregated 172 host plant records worldwide and found feeding behaviors associated with 103 plant taxa across 33 families and 17 orders, 20 of which were not previously known to be associated with SLF and 15 of which were not confirmed as feeding hosts. North American records account for 56 of these taxa which include native, cultivated, and nonnative species. As a result, the spotted lanternfly has the potential to impact a wide assortment of ecosystems throughout its potential range and its North American distribution may not be limited by the presence of tree of heaven.

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Nontarget Tree Mortality after Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Injection with Imazapyr

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/25.2.66 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 66-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kevin Lewis ◽

Brian McCarthy

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Root Exudation ◽

Ailanthus Altissima ◽

Tree Of Heaven ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vegetation Heterogeneity ◽

Nontarget Species ◽

Root Grafts ◽

Injection Risk

Abstract Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima Miller [Swingle]) can be managed easily with herbicide injection. However, the potential herbicide translocation to neighboring trees must be evaluated before widespread recommendations for herbicide injections. We assessed the nontargettranslocation of imazapyr (Arsenal), an herbicide commonly used to manage woody vegetation in forests, from injected tree-of-heaven to neighboring noninjected stems. Targeted imazapyr injections not only killed all injected tree-of-heaven, but also killed 17.5% of neighboring (within 3 m) noninjected tree-of-heaven and eight other tree species 62 weeks after treatment. Nontarget mortality from herbicide translocation decreased as the distance from injected tree-of-heaven increased (up to 3 m) and as stem diameter of noninjected plants increased. The plausible modes ofinter- and intraspecific herbicide translocation include root grafts, mutually shared mycorrhizal fungi, root exudation and absorption, and/or leaf senescence. Because tree-of-heaven is clonal, patch size and vegetation heterogeneity will be an important determinant of herbicide injectionprotocols. In forest environments with many small patches (i.e., high edge to interior ratio) or mixed species stands, nontarget hardwoods are at an increased risk of mortality. In isolated large patches (with lower edge to interior ratio) or dense monospecific clones, injection risk to nontarget species will be relatively low.

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