Review of Official Statistics on Trafficking in Human Beings for Sexual Exploitation and their Validity in the 25 EU Member States from Official Statistics to Estimates of the Phenomenon

2007 ◽  
pp. 73-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Di Nicola ◽  
Andrea Cauduro
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings

Trafficking in human beings in Spain: What do the data on detected victims tell us?

2021 ◽  
pp. 147737082199733
Author(s):  
Carolina Villacampa ◽  
Mª Jesús Gómez ◽  
Clàudia Torres
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings ◽  
Research Period

Although trafficking in human beings was criminalized in Spain in 2010, data on this phenomenon are scarce and incomplete, consisting only of cases formally identified by police as having a very clear bias to trafficking for sexual exploitation. In an effort to increase empirical understanding, in 2019 we undertook quantitative research by gathering information on cases detected during 2017 and 2018. A questionnaire was distributed online to 757 stakeholders who could potentially have come across victims of trafficking. The 150 responses obtained provide valuable information about the number of victims, their profile, the dynamics of trafficking and the types of exploitation they suffered. The number of victims detected during the research period ( n = 7448) is far higher than those officially identified ( n = 458), which indicates that official cases may represent only the tip of the iceberg and point to the necessity of adopting measures to improve the identification system. Findings also show differences in victims’ profiles, victimization dynamics and forms of exploitation depending on the type of trafficking that could be taken into account when designing intervention and prevention programmes in this matter.

scholarly journals Preventing Trafficking and Prostitution/Ghada Jamsheer: Not Guilty

1970 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Lebanese American University
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Trafficking In Women ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings

Preventing Trafficking and ProstitutionA Joint project between European Women's Lobby and the Coalition against trafficking in Women (CATW) to promote preventative measures in combating trafficking in human beings for sexual exploitation. Ghada Jamsheer: Not GuiltyWomen's rights activist Ghada Jamsheer was found not guilty of defaming a Sharia judge by the Lower Criminal Court on 28 December 2005. The court ruled that there was not enough evidence to prosecute Ms. Jamsheer because the judge only had one witness who supported his claim against her.

'Fortress Europe' and FRONTEX: Within or Without International Law?

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efthymios Papastavridis
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Maritime Operations ◽  
Degrading Treatment ◽  
Fortress Europe ◽  
High Seas

AbstractIt is true that the problem of interception of human beings on the high seas is more acute than ever, not only in terms of the number of vessels intercepted but also in terms of the variety of legal issues that it raises. The most worrisome observation, however, is that while interception of human beings has been practiced for centuries, currently the pendulum has swung from interception to free and save lives, for example, in the context of chattel slavery, to interception to prevent people from entering developed States and claiming a better future. This is particularly reflected in the practice of EU Member States, which have taken many initiatives in the maritime domain to strengthen the external borders of 'fortress' Europe. Lately, this practice is coordinated by a European Agency, commonly referred to as FRONTEX, which was established in 2004 in order to "coordinate the operational cooperation between Member States in the field of external borders management". To this end, FRONTEX has launched a number of maritime interdiction operations carried out on the high seas and even further, i.e. in the territorial seas of States of departure or transit, such as Mauritania, Senegal, Cape Verde. The purpose of this article is to address the most important questions that these maritime operations of FRONTEX raise, analysing them through the lens of the law of the sea and other rules of corpus juris gentium. Accordingly, in the first part there will be a thorough discussion of the pertinent legal bases of the interception operations on the high seas and in the territorial waters, while in the second the analysis will focus more on the relevance of other international rules like the use of force or the principle of non-refoulement to the present context. The application of the latter principle appears to be especially problematic in the majority of these operations since it is very likely that the persons onboard the intercepted vessels would be forced to return to their countries of origin, where they may be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment.

International Cooperation in Combating Human Trafficking in the EU: Evidence from Turkey

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gönül Oğuz
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Human Smuggling ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Irregular Migrants ◽  
The Eu

Human trafficking lies at the heart of international organised crime. It is concerned with profits in terms of the exploitation of human beings. It is an abuse of basic rights. The enormous interest and concern for trafficking and human struggling is factual evidence. In the EU, policy on irregular migration is driven by the perception that the member states risk being overwhelmed by large numbers of irregular migrants thought to constitute a threat to national security. This has implications for policy measures designed to combat trafficking and human smuggling, which may not work without international cooperation. In most cases, victims are brought to the EU member states from abroad. This creates a demand for international obligations for cooperation and related instruments for combating human smuggling and trafficking. Therefore, the member states and their law enforcement agencies cannot tackle human trafficking alone. A question arises as to whether Turkey can be a vital partner, based on the facts that it is a transit country, with a strong border and assuming that it has a role to play, through its expertise and its commitment to dealing with the effects of trafficking. Unfortunately, these facts are still overlooked, while disproportionately intensive efforts are expended on dealing with questions of national security by the member states. Combating illegal immigration and reducing and controlling migration are frequently seen through the magnifying glass of the struggle against human trafficking. This article focuses on the international factors involved and how the wider international community might be able to play an effective role in helping to tackle human trafficking. It argues that continued coordination and collaboration across the countries is vital. The article reviews the empirical evidence from Turkey, as non-EU/candidate countries' cooperation and assistance in human trafficking may have an important dimension.

Article 79 TFEU

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wilderspin
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Illegal Immigration ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Member States ◽  
Fair Treatment ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Third Country Nationals

Article 63, points 3 and 4, EC The Union shall develop a common immigration policy aimed at ensuring, at all stages, the efficient management of migration flows, fair treatment of third-country nationals residing legally in Member States, and the prevention of, and enhanced measures to combat, illegal immigration and trafficking in human beings.

scholarly journals ANTI-HUMAN TRAFFICKING POLICY OF THE EU

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Klymchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Member States ◽  
Funding Program ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings ◽  
Institutional Mechanism ◽  
The Eu

After the mid-1990s, the EU realized the need to develop a common approach to combating human trafficking. As a result of the increased competence of the relevant EU institutions, as well as the increase of stakeholders’ concerns about its internal security and control of external borders began to grow, which gave push to the unprecedented formation, expansion and consolidation of anti-trafficking policy. Accordingly, a number of legislative and policy instruments have been created for this purpose. Important EU anti-trafficking program activities include the EMPACT program (European Multidisciplinary Platform Against Criminal Threats) (2011-2013) and (2013-2017), which consisted of the joint participation of Member States in multidisciplinary operational actions to combat organized crime involved in trafficking in human beings. Also in 2009, the EU developed the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility, as well as a separate document focused on strengthening the EU’s external influence against human trafficking. A more recent EU migration program in 2015 provided Member States with a comprehensive set of tools to manage migration and combat trafficking in human beings. Important tools in the fight against trafficking in human beings in the EU include Directive 2004/81/EU, which regulates the granting of temporary residence permits to third-country nationals who have been trafficked; Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims; Directive 2012/29/EU, which set additional minimum standards for the rights, support and protection of trafficking victims. In 2012 a joint EU strategy to eradicate trafficking-related crimes was launched for 2012-2016. An appropriate information platform has also been set up, which contains information on legal documents, initiatives, or possible projects and stakeholders dealing with human trafficking. In addition, a funding program has been established to promote quantitative and qualitative research projects, enhance the exchange of valuable knowledge and improve the quality of data collection. We came to the conclusion that institutional mechanism of the European Union in combating with trafficking in human beings is a system of EU bodies that adopt relevant regulations. This institutional mechanism has a rather complex structure, based on the European Parliament, the European Council, the European Commission, the European Anti-Trafficking Coordinator, the EU Expert Group on Trafficking of Human Beings, Europol, Eurojust, the European Judicial Network. The main component of this structure is the European Commission, which makes decisions and takes initiatives in this area. A characteristic feature of the EU’s anti-trafficking policy is not only to ensure respect for human rights of victims of this crime, but also to create appropriate conditions for its rehabilitation, further socialization and prosecution of perpetrators. In sum, the EU treats human trafficking as one of the global problems of our days and is making considerable efforts to combat it.

COMBATING TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS: APPROACH OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (04) ◽  
pp. 234-236
Author(s):  
Fidan Dilqem Hajizade ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Monitoring Mechanism ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings ◽  
International Trafficking

The 2005 Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings is open for signature not only by Member States of the Council of Europe, but also non-members of the Council of Europe. This Convention is comprehensive treaty mainly focused on the protection of victims of trafficking in human beings and ensure of their rights. It also aims at preventing human trafficking as well as prosecuting perpetrators. The provisions of this Convention are applied to all forms of trafficking: both national and international trafficking and whether or not it is related to organized crime. The Convention protects the rights of women, men and children who have been subjected to any form of exploitation (sexual exploitation, forced labor, services, etc.). Moreover, the Convention provides an independent monitoring mechanism to control the implementation of the provisions of the Convention. Key words: Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Council of Europe, GRETA, exploitation, implementation, victims of human trafficking

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