The Phenomenon of Illegal Immigration (the Effectiveness of Libyan Procedures and Laws in Confronting it) (Intentional Study)

The study aimed to identify the phenomenon of illegal immigration and the effectiveness of Libyan procedures and laws in confronting it. The problem of the study lies in the fact that Libya suffers from the presence of many illegal refugees on its territory significantly, and despite the Libyan state taking many measures that prevent compromising the sovereignty of the Libyan state and violating laws and the exploitation of smuggling groups across the land borders of the deteriorating security situation since 2011, but that Illegal immigrants are still crossing the land borders, and there are still many smuggling and human trafficking operations trying to flow inside Libyan territory, in violation of the provisions of the law, to try to escape to European countries from Libyan territory, which puts Libya in great trouble, especially in front of its international partners. The study highlights the importance of shedding light on the phenomenon of illegal immigration and its impact on the effectiveness of Libyan procedures and laws, and to identify the purposes of Sharia in the phenomenon of illegal immigration. The study uses the analytical method, where the analytical method contributes to analyzing the phenomenon of illegal immigration in Libya and to identifying the purposes of Sharia in combating the phenomenon of illegal immigration. The study uses the comparative approach to compare the Libyan laws and procedures applied during the period of conducting the study. This approach also contributes to comparing the Libyan laws with their counterparts in the countries that succeeded in combating the phenomenon of illegal immigration. The study reached many results, including that the pure illegal immigration is one of the most prominent phenomena.

A Note on “Wiener Index of a Fuzzy Graph and Application to Illegal Immigration Networks”

Connectivity parameters have an important role in the study of communication networks. Wiener index is such a parameter with several applications in networking, facility location, cryptology, chemistry, and molecular biology, etc. In this paper, we show two notes related to the Wiener index of a fuzzy graph. First, we argue that Theorem 3.10 in the paper “Wiener index of a fuzzy graph and application to illegal immigration networks, Fuzzy Sets and Syst. 384 (2020) 132–147” is not correct. We give a correct statement of Theorem 3.10. Second, by using a new operator on matrix, we propose a simple and polynomial-time algorithm to compute the Wiener index of a fuzzy graph.

Legal regulation of combating illegal migration in Ukraine and the EU

Through a methodology of legal interpretation and analyze the stages of formation of migration policy and legislation in Ukraine since its independence. It was determined that in the initial stage the main elements of the legal regulation of migration processes in Ukraine were the development of the legal framework on migration, the initiation of international cooperation and the creation of organizational structures that address migration issues. The article also analyzes the extensive system of normative acts developed in Ukraine today, aimed at the legal regulation of migration processes and the fight against illegal migration. In this context, the details of the fight against illegal immigration in EU countries are described. Finally, the guidelines for EU migration policy in the field of combating illegal immigration are studied. It is concluded that, unlike Ukraine, where the fight against illegal immigration is mainly limited to the establishment of prohibitions and fines for illegal immigrants, the EU has developed a system of incentives and measures aimed at supporting third countries, among other aspects.

INTEGRATED BORDER MANAGEMENT AS A VECTOR TO COMBAT ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION IN MOZAMBIQUE

This research intends to understand how an integrated border management can contribute to combat illegal immigration in Mozambique, and the evils that come from this irregular entry, as well as the related crimes associated with it. Taking into account the sad events perpetrated by the terrorists in Cabo - Delgado, which has a participation of foreign citizens, it is assumed that some of these citizens have entered illegally or enticed the border authorities to enter Mozambique through illegal means, therefore, it is interesting to understand how the management and control of borders is carried out. It is important to understand how the Mozambican authorities have managed the phenomenon of illegal immigration, even recognizing that some of the borders are porous. The permanent articulation with the various forces involved in border control, in ways that each one of them appropriates illegal immigration, may be the horizon to follow, so that there is no violation of borders, preserving national sovereignty, as efficiency and the effectiveness of the different sectors involved in the border process, can be achieved as long as the different entities that control the border carry out their activities in a coordinated manner, allowing for an ever-increasing flow of commercial transactions. The research is bibliographical, qualitative, using the technique of direct observation, and data provided by the General Directorate of Migration of Mozambique. Keywords: border management, illegal immigration, related crimes, Mozambican Legal Framework

Refugees or Illegal Immigrants: The Problem of the Group in Refugee Protection

ABSTRACT This research excavates the case of Jewish refugees in Cyprus between 1946 and 1948. I argue that this case is formative of the development not just of the refugee, but—perhaps more interestingly—of the concept of “illegal immigration,” which relies on the constructed impossibility of group-based refugee protection. I contend that there is a paradox residing at the heart of the 1951 Refugee Convention definition of a refugee that produces the refugee as a singular victim while supporting the very conditions that create that victimhood—that is, persecution targeted at an identity group where the persecution is motivated by the shared identity (defined in the Refugee Convention by race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion). As the architecture of international human rights was built, the refugee definition was drafted in a way that embedded group-based exclusion in the design of the definition. I exemplify this through the case of Jewish refugees attempting to reach British Mandate Palestine in the 1940s, who were intercepted and detained in Cyprus. The case is worthy of attention because it exposes the absence of group protection in the refugee definition and the effect of that absence: a group is constituted as a threat and cannot be defined collectively as refugees. Instead, they become “illegal immigrants.” This case study of Jewish detention in Cyprus provides a key empirical example of oppression residing inside a historically liberal movement and in the resulting conditions of refugee protection.

Contributions of the International Community in Combating the Phenomenon of Illegal Immigration

This paper aims to identify illegal immigration phenomenon and the responsibility of the international community towards it. It also aims to identify the causes, motivations, and justifications of illegal immigration. The researcher used both an inductive approach and a comparative approach by drawing upon the literature related to illegal immigration. The researcher found several results, which include: knowing the historical evolution of illegal immigration, and the chronological development of illegal immigration since it started after the second world war until European countries started promoting it for their own development plans, and finally, the stage of putting an end to and fighiting agaisnt illegal immigration.

Tortures alleged by migrants in Italy: compatibility and other medicolegal challenges

Background Illegal immigration to Europe is a well-known phenomenon whose numbers are being steadily increasing in recent years. Most of the immigrants in Italy come from war zones, and many of them submit an asylum application supported by the complaint to have been victims of persecutory acts in their home countries. Material and methods One hundred ninety-six medicolegal reports are analyzed considering the different country of origin, the type of the lesions claimed, tools used, evidenced effects, location of the perpetration of the physical abuses, and the possible motivation of the alleged torture. Results Greater than 80% of the assessed asylum seekers are over 18-year males coming from African countries. Fifty-eight percent of migrants were tortured or abused in countries of transit, 95% in Libya. Economic, familial, politic, and ethnic reasons prevail in some countries of origin, while tortures or abuses perpetrated in transit countries are mainly linked to forced labor and detention. In the 42.2% of cases, no physical evidence of tortures was detected. The Istanbul Protocol resulted to have been only partly applicable and about 40% of the medicolegal reports are “inconclusive” about the compatibility of physical evidence with the alleged tortures. Conclusions The medicolegal and forensic experts involved in torture and ill-treatment cases should seek specific education and training to lower the risks of underestimation and the rate of inconclusive reports. More extensive implementation of the Istanbul Protocol in daily practice should be pursued by the authorities in charge of asylum or protection releasement.