The impact of economy on the fight against trafficking in human beings in Kosovo

This research is focused on the study of the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings and combating this denigrating phenomenon of society, through the development of the economic factor. The economic environment (factors; political, economic, social, technical-technological) and the development of Kosovo's economy are studied, as a development potential of standard of living, which affects the fight against trafficking in human beings in Kosovo. A special role in the study has the issue of employment, with a focus on the labor market (potential of supply and demand for work), employment opportunities, wages, and living standards, interpersonal relationships (employer-employee) as the dominant factor which affect the preservation of dignity, integrity and creating hope and perspective for a life in a healthy and sustainable society. Trafficking in human beings in Kosovo has become a major concern of Kosovar society which is developing in the form of modern slavery, through individual crime and organized crime, in order to create profitable favors for individuals or organized groups. The purpose of the research was to analyze the level of economic development in Kosovo, development trends, in order to have a clear picture of the causes and indicators that present the current economic and social situation in Kosovo, as well as the promising prospects for the younger generations. This paper presented the statistical data available from the relevant institutions, related to economic development, unemployment, living standard (poverty), etc. The thesis of this paper is: Does economic development have an impact on combating trafficking in human beings in Kosovo? For the work of this study are used the theories of various world authors, which have addressed the issue of economic development, employment, living standards and social welfare issues. This study aimed to assess the economic situation in Kosovo, economic development opportunities, employment and its consequences in combating trafficking in human beings in Kosovo. This study had identified the findings recommendations on economic factors who had a direct impact on combating trafficking in human beings and the social consequences that are reflected in society.

The Legal Framework on Human Trafficking in the UAE

Trafficking in human beings is not accepted by the International Entities as a whole; because of the human rights violations that it entails and the woes that result from these acts. This research aims to identify the legal framework for crimes of trafficking in human beings in the UAE, and what made these legislations are distinquieshed in the CGC related to their phases of developments, by answering two main questions, firstly: What is the crime of human trafficking and its pillars? Secondly: what is the role of the UAE legislator in combating human trafficking crimes? The research followed the descriptive analytical approach. Finally: at the end of this research, number of results are reached related to the development of the UAE law as a special law for crimes of human trafficking as a complementary law to the Federal Penal Code. There are matters and procedures the UAE law must do it, for example, the need to criminalize the act of incitement to commit crimes of human trafficking in all its forms, by any means and whatever the legal or factual effect of this incitement.

The Impact of Education in Combating the Development of the Trafficking in Human Beings Process

This research will discuss the impact of education on combating the development of the process of trafficking in human beings, as a growing phenomenon in Kosovar society. Trafficking in human beings is a violation of fundamental human rights, a negative phenomenon, as well as a concern and a danger to the whole society. Kosovo is a country in transition, where trafficking in human beings is a great challenge to Kosovar society, especially bearing in mind that this phenomenon developed in the post-war years in Kosovo. The phenomenon of trafficking in human beings dates back to the early days of humanity (from the slave-owner society), but now the forms and patterns of trafficking have changed, transforming into "modern slavery". This phenomenon has become a concern of Kosovar society, which is constantly making great (institutional) efforts to combat this phenomenon. Among the most relevant factors for combating trafficking in human beings is education as a basic factor of a healthy society, which shapes the personality of young people and builds the foundations of a vital society which builds its future on social values and fights trafficking with human beings. Thus, the role of education in a society, as well as the path towards combating the process of trafficking in human beings is analyzed by: family, education, social circle, tradition, community culture, state policies and other competent accompanying institutions. The thesis of this research will be: How does education impact on the fight against the evelopment of the process of trafficking in human beings in Kosovo society? Many authors have given different opinions about education as a factor in combating trafficking in human beings and its impact on society, which will be discussed below. Thus, the paper tends to concretize the impact of education on prevention of trafficking in human beings, where the interview method was used, which was conducted with the competent education officials. As a result of a country with a low level of economic development, high level of poverty, inadequate quality of education, shortcomings in social policies, dysfunctional level of legal infrastructure, we conclude that all these influential factors in combating the phenomenon of trafficking with human beings, remain a constant task for their improvement in our society.

New challenges in the problem of combating human trafficking in Ukraine

The article presents the author’s results of theoretical and empirical analyzes of challenges in combating human trafficking in Ukraine. Theoretical analysis showed that human trafficking is an interdisciplinary problem and is represented by a number of studies by scientists in various scientific fields in the domestic and foreign scientific space. It has been established that currently there is no research on new challenges in combating human trafficking in Ukraine. Empirical analysis of new challenges in combating trafficking in human beings in Ukraine was carried out through the implementation of a polygon study and interpretation of the results. The obtained data outline new challenges in the problem of combating human trafficking in Ukraine, such as: use for selfish purposes, forced donation, trade in biological/genetic material, reproductive programs/surrogacy. The results suggest that the new challenges in combating human trafficking in Ukraine are a real platform for transnational crime. It was stated that such circumstances require strengthening of international cooperation in combating transnational human trafficking, legal regulation and improving the domestic legal framework with systematic and full informing of Ukrainian people about consequences and new challenges in combating human trafficking.

Trafficking in Human Beings in the Context of Global Ethics

The concept of “Global Ethics” refers to the analysis and identification of ethical solutions to the challenges of the contemporary world. Among the current global problems we bring to the fore: illegal immigration as a component of human trafficking, but also other global issues interdependent with the two crimes above: violation of human rights and freedoms, poverty, resource scarcity, discrimination, illegal international business and trade, all of which, requesting from the authorities and beyond, legislative and ethical solutions. Legal migration is the widely accepted form globally, since it can be determined over time, but also controlled in terms of the number of people, fields and jobs. Illegal migration is the alternative used by people who cannot use the legal route to go abroad. A component of trafficking in human beings, illegal migration is a global scourge, hard to control, caused by organised criminal groups, but also by the increasing ingenuity of criminals. Although the phenomenon is manifesting itself worldwide, it is accentuated by the fact that there is a lack of appropriate legislation and an effective system of cooperation between government institutions and civil society.Trafficking in human beings must be related to the causes that led to its emergence: discrimination in the labour market revealed by high unemployment rates (women vs. men), poverty combined with low remuneration for work performed, corruption of authorities, poor border control, restriction of legal migration opportunities, internationalization of criminal groups correlated with high profits from human trafficking, poor information of people who want to emigrate about the real effects of the labour market. Knowing this phenomenon, but also of the causes that cause it to occur, determines the process of working for knowledge, resolution and fight against it. The present work is intended to be a source of information that makes available to those interested that information about illegal migration, as well as how state structures can and should be involved in the situation.

Human Trafficking in Thailand in Perspective of Human Rights Law

Trafficking in human beings is increasingly due to the greatest gain of the perpetrators. Human trafficking is a global humanitarian problem. With the involvement of many countries, both as a country of origin, destination and transit country, making this problem more complex. The complexity of the problems is increasing as the neighbors and organized transnational crime networks are organized. Thailand is one of the transit countries, sources, and destinations for international human trafficking. These conditions led to the Government of Thailand began to realize the urgency of the dangers of human trafficking. This problem is increasingly complex because human trafficking is related to child and female prostitution.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AS A DETERMINANT OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS: THE EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE AND POLAND

The article reveals the problem of combating human trafficking as a criminal phenomenon and one of the global problems of mankind. Based on the analysis of the practice of anti-trafficking entities in Ukraine and Poland, a set of theoretical and practical issues related to the criminalization of human trafficking and legal analysis of the criminal offense under the current legislation of these countries is covered. It is noted that unlike Ukraine, which in most cases is a donor country for victims of trafficking, the Republic of Poland is a destination and transit country in this area of criminal business. The current state of human trafficking in Ukraine and Poland, the causes and conditions of this phenomenon, some determinants that lead to the commission of criminal offenses of this category in these countries are analyzed. One of the key factors has been found to be domestic violence, a particular issue that in itself needs to be addressed immediately. Therefore, an effective solution to one of the outlined problems is impossible without positive steps in solving the other. Attention is focused on the lack of definition of the term �trafficking in human beings� in the criminal law of both countries whose experience is being studied. In Ukraine, the legislator has distinguished a certain feature, in particular, in contrast to international acts, human trafficking has identified as a separate form of criminal offense, different from its main forms. The relationship between human trafficking, labour migration and domestic violence is considered, the consequences of labour migration for the social and economic sphere are analyzed; some differences for Ukraine and the Republic of Poland are identified, some statistical data and forecasts of specialists are given. In the context of the study, the concept of �social orphan hood� and its long-term impact on the crime situation and public life in the country is revealed. The activities of international organized criminal groups, including those formed in Poland and Ukraine, extend to all regions of the world and have reached a level previously inaccessible to them. The creating of sustainable channels for illegal migration and human trafficking is one of the most lucrative areas and areas of transnational organized crime in Eastern Europe. It is proposed to effectively combat these negative phenomena by developing an international strategy for joint action, to unite the efforts of law enforcement agencies and other actors in combating human trafficking in both donor and transit countries and to designate �living goods� at the regional and national levels. It is noted that attention should be paid not only to the fight against the very phenomenon of modern slavery, but also to its consequences and, most importantly, to the determinants.

COMBATING TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS: APPROACH OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

The 2005 Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings is open for signature not only by Member States of the Council of Europe, but also non-members of the Council of Europe. This Convention is comprehensive treaty mainly focused on the protection of victims of trafficking in human beings and ensure of their rights. It also aims at preventing human trafficking as well as prosecuting perpetrators. The provisions of this Convention are applied to all forms of trafficking: both national and international trafficking and whether or not it is related to organized crime. The Convention protects the rights of women, men and children who have been subjected to any form of exploitation (sexual exploitation, forced labor, services, etc.). Moreover, the Convention provides an independent monitoring mechanism to control the implementation of the provisions of the Convention. Key words: Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Council of Europe, GRETA, exploitation, implementation, victims of human trafficking

Vulnerability of students to the risks of trafficking in human beings

This article elucidates the determinant factors of the vulnerability of students and youth to the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings and defines the risks and consequences of this scourge among students. Moreover, this article represents a joint initiative between representatives of academic environment and of the anti-trafficking field to analyze the profile of students and to emphasize a series of factors which may correlate with trafficking in human beings. Last but not least, a series of conclusions and recommendations aimed at improving the school’s intervention to prevent the risk of exploitation among students and to contribute to raising awareness of the seriousness of the phenomenon among youth are generated at the end of this article.