Monitoring Programmes for Bathing Waters Within the Frame of the EU Bathing Water Directive: The Experience of Catalonia

2015 ◽  
pp. 301-333
Author(s):  
Maria José Figueras ◽  
Mariona de Torres ◽  
Carolina Silvera ◽  
Maria José Corrales
Keyword(s):  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
The Eu

Bathing in the Rain - The Use of Mathematical Models for Storm Water Management to Achieve Bathing Water Quality (The Fylde Coast-NW England)

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Head ◽  
D. H. Crawshaw ◽  
P. Dempsey ◽  
C. J. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Integrated Modelling ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Storm Water Management ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters

One of the major problems in trying to design wastewater treatment schemes to protect bathing water for coastal communities with combined sewerage systems, is to ensure that discharges of storm water do not prejudice compliance with the requirements of the EC Bathing Water Directive. In order to develop an appropriate storm water management strategy for the Fylde coast it was necessary to integrate a number of mathematical models simulating the hydraulic behaviour of the sewerage system and the dispersion of discharges in the receiving waters. From the sewerage system modelling it was apparent that frequent discharges of storm water to the bathing waters could only be avoided by the provision of considerable additional storage in the system. By means of a suitably calibrated simplified sewer model it was possible to investigate the volumes of storm water generated by a 15 year record of local rainfall when different amounts of extra storage and different pumping regimes were employed. The results from these investigations were used to determine the probable concentrations of faecal bacteria in the coastal waters for each of the 15 bathing seasons and determine the percentage of time for which faecal coliform concentrations exceeded the Bathing Water directive standards for the model grid cells representing the identified bathing waters. As a result of the extensive integrated modelling programme for the Fylde coast it has been possible to design a base flow and storm water management system which should maximize the flow passed forward for treatment whilst also ensuring that there is just sufficient storage to ensure protection of the towns from flooding and the compliance of the beaches with the Bathing Water Directive standards.

Methodology to elaborate the bathing water profile on urban beaches, according to the requirements of the European Directive 2006/7/EC: the case of Santander beaches (Spain)

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iago López ◽  
César Álvarez ◽  
José L. Gil ◽  
José A. Revilla
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Reaction Processes ◽  
Water Profile ◽  
Selection Of

The approval of the current Bathing Water Directive (Directive 2006/7/EC) set the necessity to define the bathing water profile. The goals established in the definition of the profile are: (i) to know the processes that determine the concentration of bacteriological indicators in the aquatic environment, (ii) to obtain relationships between the cause of pollution and its effects, and (iii) to evaluate the fulfilment of the Directive and to set the Quality Monitoring and Assessment Program, according to the bacteriological characteristics of the bathing water. In this paper an approach to elaborate the bathing water profile and its application to several bathing waters located in Santander municipality (North Spain) is shown. The methodology involves the assessment of advection, diffusion and reaction processes of bacteriological organisms in the aquatic environment by using mathematical models and the selection of an indicator to evaluate the probability to exceed the bacteriological concentrations established in Directive 2006/7/EC, which is useful for the ‘source apportionment’ assessment. In the definition of the bathing water profile we have considered the sanitation system operating under normal conditions, which includes storm water overflows, uncontrolled discharges and the discharge produced when the pumping system of the wastewater breaks. Finally, according to the bacteriological characteristics of the bathing water it is necessary to develop the Quality Monitoring and Assessment, which has been done taking into account the requirements established in Directive 2006/7/EC and the uncertainties detected in such a method regarding the number of samples to be considered.

Revision of the EU Bathing Water Directive: economic costs and benefits

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros Georgiou ◽  
Ian J. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
The Eu

Fylde Coast Bathing Water Improvements – Storm Water Management for Compliance with Bathing Water Directive

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
P. C. Head ◽  
D. H. Crawshaw ◽  
S. K. Rasaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Dispersion Modelling ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Storm Water Management ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Receiving Waters

As part of the investigations to determine the most appropriate scheme to bring the Fylde Coast bathing waters up to the quality required by the EC Bathing Water Directive, mathematical models have been used to examine the hydraulic behaviour of the sewerage system and the subsequent dispersion of effluent in the receiving waters. The discharge characteristics of the existing sewerage systems were examined by means of an extensive WASSP model, validated by means of flow measurements gathered from critical points of the sewer network. This model was then used, in conjunction with a time series rainfall record for the area, to investigate the effect of the intensity and duration of rainfall events on the volume of storm sewage to be discharged. Because the area is drained by a combined system, the management of storm water is of utmost importance and the output of the WASSP model was used to determine the input to the coastal dispersion model for rainfall events. A preliminary examination of the possible sites for sewage treatment works and sea outfalls, for sewage and storm water, suggested four possible schemes involving either inland treatment, marine treatment or a combination of the two. All options required the discharge of storm water to the sea. Extensive dispersion modelling was carried out to examine the probable effects of various storm-water management strategies on bacterial concentrations in the receiving waters. From this it was apparent that storage of storm flows, with controlled discharge, at the state of tide when environmental impact would be minimal, was required to achieve compliance with the provisions of the Directive. By integrating the WASSP modelling of various base-flow and storm-water storage options with dispersion modelling, it was possible to establish appropriate design criteria.

Past, present and future perspectives of the EU Bathing Water Directive

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Figueras ◽  
F. Polo ◽  
I. Inza ◽  
J. Guarro
Keyword(s):  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Are the existing guidelines sufficient for the assessment of bathing water quality? The example of Polish lakes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Pronin
Keyword(s):  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Water Ecosystems ◽  
Visual Confirmation ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe safety of beachgoers and swimmers is determined by the presence or absence of microbial contaminants and cyanobacterial toxins in the water. This study compared the assessment of bathing waters according to the Bathing Water Directive, which is based on the concentration of fecal contaminants, with some modifications, and a new method based on the concentration of chlorophyll-a, which corresponds to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines used for determining cyanobacterial density in the water posing threat to people health. The results obtained from the method based on chlorophyll-a concentration clearly showed that the number of bathing waters in Poland with sufficient and insufficient quality were higher in 2018 and 2019, compared to the method based on microbial contamination. The closing of bathing waters based only on the visual confirmation of cyanobacterial blooms might not be enough to prevent the threat to swimmers’ health. The multivariate analyses applied in this study seem to confirm that chlorophyll-a concentration with associated cyanobacterial density might serve as an additional parameter for assessing the quality of bathing waters, and in the case of small water reservoirs, might indirectly inform about the conditions and changes in water ecosystems.

Application of the EU bathing water directive to the design of marine sewage disposal systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Christoulas ◽  
A. D. Andreadakis
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Sewage Disposal ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Induced Currents ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Distributed Sampling ◽  
The Eu

A mathematical model for the design of marine sewage disposal systems in accordance with the criteria of the EU Bathing Water Directive is developed and applied to the design of the outfall of the sewage from Athens, Greece. The model calculates the reduction of fecal coliforms due to initial and subsequent dilutions and die-off due to the effect of solar radiation and predicts the concentrations of fecal coliforms at the bathing area for specific hours and current velocities. A combination of these results with the probability distribution of the velocity of the sea currents results in a frequency distribution of fecal coliform concentrations at the bathing area, thus enabling evaluations with respect to conformity to the statistical criteria of the EU Directive. The application of the model to the disposal system for the sewage of Athens shows that conformity, without the use of effluent disinfection, can be achieved for the nearest bathing area, located at a distance of 3.4 km from the outfall, irrespective of the definition of the bathing hours (8 am-8 pm or 24 hrs) and for a sufficiently conservative mortality rate. These results indicate that under Mediterranean or similar conditions, with typical wind induced currents, a sewage field travel distance of a few kilometres is sufficient to ensure bathing areas against infection, without the need for sewage disinfection. It should, however, be stressed that these conclusions are valid on the assumption that the sampling procedures outlined in the EU Directive refer to uniformly distributed sampling throughout the bathing period of the day or season.

scholarly journals Modelling the Quality of Bathing Waters in the Adriatic Sea

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1525
Author(s):  
Christian Ferrarin ◽  
Pierluigi Penna ◽  
Antonella Penna ◽  
Vedrana Spada ◽  
Fabio Ricci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Diffusion Dynamics ◽  
Study Sites

The aim of this study is to develop a relocatable modelling system able to describe the microbial contamination that affects the quality of coastal bathing waters. Pollution events are mainly triggered by urban sewer outflows during massive rainy events, with relevant negative consequences on the marine environment and tourism and related activities of coastal towns. A finite element hydrodynamic model was applied to five study areas in the Adriatic Sea, which differ for urban, oceanographic and morphological conditions. With the help of transport-diffusion and microbial decay modules, the distribution of Escherichia coli was investigated during significant events. The numerical investigation was supported by detailed in situ observational datasets. The model results were evaluated against water level, sea temperature, salinity and E. coli concentrations acquired in situ, demonstrating the capacity of the modelling suite in simulating the circulation in the coastal areas of the Adriatic Sea, as well as several main transport and diffusion dynamics, such as riverine and polluted waters dispersion. Moreover, the results of the simulations were used to perform a comparative analysis among the different study sites, demonstrating that dilution and mixing, mostly induced by the tidal action, had a stronger effect on bacteria reduction with respect to microbial decay. Stratification and estuarine dynamics also play an important role in governing microbial concentration. The modelling suite can be used as a beach management tool for improving protection of public health, as required by the EU Bathing Water Directive.

scholarly journals Occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. and adenoviruses in Finnish bathing waters and purified sewage effluents

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽  
Tarja Pitkänen ◽  
Henri M. P. Siljanen ◽  
Ulla-Maija Nakari ◽  
Eila Torvinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Sewage Effluents ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

A total of 50 Finnish bathing water samples and 34 sewage effluent samples originating from 17 locations were studied in the summers of 2006 and 2007. Campylobacter were present in 58% and adenoviruses in 12% of all bathing water samples; 53% of all sewage effluent samples were positive for Campylobacter spp. and 59% for adenoviruses. C. jejuni was the most common Campylobacter species found and human adenovirus serotype 41 was the most common identified adenovirus type. Bathing water temperature displayed a significant negative relationship with the occurrence of Campylobacter. One location had identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of C. coli isolates in the bathing water and in sewage effluent, suggesting that sewage effluent was the source of C. coli at this bathing site. The counts of faecal indicator bacteria were not able to predict the presence of Campylobacter spp. or adenoviruses in the bathing waters. Thus the observed common presence of these pathogens in Finnish sewage effluents and bathing waters may represent a public health risk. The low water temperature in Finland may enhance the prevalence of Campylobacter in bathing waters. More attention needs to be paid to minimizing the concentrations of intestinal pathogens in bathing waters.

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